Aristotle And Aristotle s Views On Morality - 1394 Words

Both Aristotle and Aquinas, are both considered to be in the discussion of ancient/medieval thinkers. Though these individuals have differences in certain viewpoints, their overall ideology puts them in a grouping that is different from the individuals considered to be late modern thinkers (i.e. Kant and Mill). The discussions made in this essay will elaborate on the contexts of what each of the thinkers considered to be relevant to the making of moral judgments, how each think believed that decisions are made, and lastly how moral action is related to the human good as conceived of by each thinker. First, Aristotle was as much of a scientist as he was a philosopher. This shows to be true in his development of both his beliefs about morality along with the decision making process. Aristotle believed that morality was very important in one’s life. He also felt that if someone wasn’t virtuous, they may not necessarily be a bad person but likely to lack guidance. He believed that some people thought that the happily life is the life of enjoyment. He felt the object of the life of enjoyment is bodily pleasure; that of political activity is honorable. He believed that the end of human life must be the most complete and thus believed that happiness is the most complete end. This thinking would affect his decision making when it came to how he felt the outcome would present itself during the end result. Moving on to St. Thomas Aquinas’ view on morality, he believed that humansShow MoreRelatedAristotle s Views On Morality1349 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Aristotle, provided his account of morality, then Hume also has his own set of morality. In which, Hume mentions that â€Å"reason is the salve of the passion†(Prompt). While, Aristotle’s view is that passions are the slaves of reasons. Even though both have their own sets of morality, one of them has a better concept of morality. Hume has his own set of morals in which there are flaws. In this paper, I shall have to agree with Aristotle over Hume. Aristotle’s concept that our passions areRead MoreAristotle s Views On The Morality Of Government1350 Words   |  6 PagesThe question of the morality of government has been one ever since the first prehistoric humans came together to form bands of nomads. This question was especially something the ancient Greek philosophers argued over as they were ruled by a patriarchal democracy. Plato and later Aristotle grappled with this question over who should rule and what various forms or kinds of rule would look like. Aris totle mentions a few various true forms of government such as a kingship, aristocracy, and polity asRead MoreAristotle s Views On Morality And Justice Essay2066 Words   |  9 Pages Introduction Aristotle is considered one of, if not the greatest, philosophers of all time. This paper will discuss Aristotle’s understanding of the relationship between ethics and justice, ethical philosophies interpreted by other, but distinct, philosophers, Aristotle’s virtue theory and justice philosophy, as discussed in his book, Nicomachean Ethics: Book V, and how western ethics and justice concepts effect existing American civil and criminal justice systems. Ethics and Justice AccordingRead MoreAristotle s Views On Morality And Happiness1948 Words   |  8 PagesJared Sanders 5/4/16 PHI 372: Ethical Inquiry Term Paper What, if anything, does happiness have to do with morality. According to Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, there is a direct connection between morality and happiness. Aristotle states that happiness is the main goal of human existence. He follows this idea by saying the only way to achieve happiness is through his account of morality. Aristotle’s â€Å"happiness† is a translation of the Greek word Eudaimonia. A definition of Eudaimonia could be â€Å"theRead MoreAristotle And Plato s Views On Politics And Morality Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this essay is to discuss whether politics should be focused on morality with reference to the political thinkers, Aristotle and Plato. Aristotle and Plato have two fundamentally differing views on politics and how it links to morality. Morality to Aristotle and Plato will be analysed through their version of how politics utensils morality to carry out legislation or create a universal manner carried out by the citizens. To achieve this, this essay will examine the f ollowing pointsRead MoreAristotle And Aristotle s Theory Of Moral Virtue1229 Words   |  5 PagesNietzsche and Aristotle were two of the most significant philosopher of not only their time but their works has lasted throughout the centuries to influence even some today’s greatest minds. Their works however could not be any separated, Aristotle is a prominent figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of great thinkers such as Plato and SocratesRead More Ethical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation977 Words   |  4 Pageshow can we view the philosophical ethics of Mill, Kant, Aristotle, Nietzsche, and the ethics of care? III For Mill, the question is what is the relation between his (metaethical) empirical naturalism and his (normative) qualitatively hedonist value theory and his utilitarian moral theory? One place we can see Mill?s empiricism is his treatment, in Chapter III, of the question of why the principle of utility is ?binding?, how it can generate a moral obligation. Compare Mill?s treatmentRead MoreAristotle, The Man Of Thinking1025 Words   |  5 PagesAristotle, the Man of Thinking Aristotle is his name, philosophy is the game. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist who was born in Stagira Greece in 384 B.C. He lived to be 62 years old, which at the time, was a very good lifespan. Aristotle’s place of death was in Chalcis. His full name is Aristotle Stagiritis son of Nicomachus. He had a wife by the name of Hermias and a son with the name of Pythias. Aristotle is known well for teaching the world renowned man, referred to today as AlexanderRead MoreEvaluating Historical Views of Leadership Essay1194 Words   |  5 Pages Evaluating Historical Views of Leadership March 9, 2014 University of Phoenix Evaluating Historical Views of Leadership This paper evaluates the leadership views of Plato, Aristotle, Lao-Tzu, and Machiavelli from the point of view of the modern military leader. The process of evaluation includes an examination of the commonalities and disparities between these views of leadership. The paper explores a definition of modern military leadership. The paper includes an assessment of theRead MoreComparing Aristotle And John Stuart Mill1130 Words   |  5 Pages231: Ethics 28 April 2015 Essay 2 Comparisons on Pleasure in Morality The role of pleasure in morality has been examined thoroughly throughout the beginning of philosophy and continues to be a questionable issue. With these in-depth examinations, some similar outlooks as well as differing views have been recorded. Many philosophers have dissected this important topic, however I intend to concentrate of the famous works of Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill. After meticulously analyzing

Impact of Globalization on Indian Education - 3068 Words

| | |Impact of Globalization on Indian Education | | | |S.Deepalakshmi, | |hariharan.deepalakshmi@gmail.com†¦show more content†¦It is only through improving the educational status of a society that the multi-faceted development of its people can be ensured Basically Indian Education system is composed of three components and they are Primary education, Secondary education and Higher education. Today, in the age of privatization, globalization and lib eralization, India is exposed to the world in all spheres. In the present competitive world, expansion, excellence and inclusion are the three challenges of Indian education system. The age old system of education has to be reformed. Practical knowledge should be given more priority than theoretical knowledge. Indian Education System Indian education has its own history of development. In the earlier times, Gurukulas dominated the society, which emphasized the traditional and cultural education, which had its own restriction. But Indian education system got an impetus after the invasion of the British. Western education exerted its influence on the Indian education system, under the British rule. McCauley’s education policy is worthy of note. Scientific and technological education gained more importance than traditional and cultural education in this era. But in the post-independence period, our constitution made the education a fundamental right and enacted a law for compulsory education up to 14 years. Today higher education gives more importance toShow MoreRelatedImpact of Globalization on Non Western Culture Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Globalization on Non Western Cultures Examples of Globalization’s Impact Globalization is far reaching in this day and age. Globalization is the worldwide flow of goods, services, money, people, information, and culture. It leads to a greater interdependence and mutual awareness among the people of the world (Tischler, 2011, 2007, p. 430). One non-Western culture that has been impacted by globalization is China. An example of the impact of globalization on China is their economy. Read MoreGlobalization Is The Key Of Success For All Countries1183 Words   |  5 Pages1. Synopsis Globalization has no borders and boundaries across the world due to exchange of knowledge, thoughts, trade and information. This report will examine the definition of globalization, advantages and disadvantages of globalization and the popularity of globalization. Some strong evidences gathered by the primary and secondary data. Some content is based on my personal knowledge. Table of content 2. Introduction Nowadays, globalization plays the vital role all around the world. ThereRead MoreAnalysis Of Indian Women In India1155 Words   |  5 PagesMoreover, Indian women just cant escape from getting picked on. Even at home there is lots of pressure, especially when money is involved. There is a big hair business system, taking place in India. It attracts many buyers mostly the Chinese and Eastern Europeans, but the Americans dont fall too far behind. We as well take some part in this. In India, the men force their wives to share of their hair for money, some children are forced into doing it as well. Some as well as forced, are tricked tooRead MoreGlobalization And International Business : Globalization954 Words   |  4 PagesMonica Mall 3/11/15 India Intro Globalization/ International Business In the text International Business, globalization is defined as the â€Å"acceleration and extension of the interdependence of economic and business activities across national boundaries (p 3)†. Many multinational corporations manufacture products in different nations and selling internationally to different nations. With the constant flow of goods and service help the integration of economies and societies. SinceRead MoreEffect Of Globalization On Neediness Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pagesexcluded, left behind in squalor . . . (Annan 2000). In spite of the fact that the correct effect of globalization on neediness is exceptionally hard to evaluate, look into assessments demonstrate that destitution has expanded by 82 million, 14 million, and 8 million in sub-Saharan Africa, Europe and Central Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean separately. Investigating this, globalization itself can t be considered in charge of the vast majority of the neediness in creating nations as differentRead MoreLatin American Culture Essay examples1050 Words   |  5 Pagesall civil institutions, education, and law. Nowadays religion plays an important role in Latin America, but the church and the state are officially separated, and the practice of other religions is freely allowed. As the author of our book states; the catholic church is an important pillar of these societies. Other important factors of Latin American culture are values and attitudes. As our author states, Cultural attitudes toward such factors as time, age, education, and status reflect theseRead MoreImpact Of Globalization943 Words   |  4 PagesImpact of Globalization Jan Aart Scholte states that ‘Some people have associated globalization with progress, prosperity and peace. For others, however, the word has conjured up deprivation, disaster and doom.’ Globalization is truly a complex phenomenon. It indicates that the world today is getting smaller because people from all around the world are interconnect than before. Globalization is driven by a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural, and political factors. In this paperRead MoreEssay on World is Flat1633 Words   |  7 Pages After reading The World is Flat, I would have to say that I believe the world is flat as according to the author Thomas L. Friedman. Globalization has taken the world by storm and everything that we do in this world is done with technology. Ever since the world was introduced to the World Wide Web in 1993, we have spiraled in a new direction at a rapid speed, and we have yet to slow down. Technology has advanced so much that nowadays we do not need actual people to run a business and at thatRead MoreGloalization and Its Effect on Non- Western Cultures758 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is globalization and what affect does this have on Non-Western cultures? Merrim-Websters dictionary defines globalization as, â€Å"the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets†. When identifying the pieces of globalization, outsourcing may be the first thing that comes to mind . However, globalization and modernization are larger than outsourcing alone. In this paper we willRead MoreGlobalization Is A Major Point Of Negativity1469 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization is defined in many ways. â€Å"Globalization generally refers to the expansion of global communications, growing social and political interdependence and the development of a planetary rather than national awareness among many of the world’s people (Anderson, 98).† The process of globalization is allowing people from all over the world be more interconnected with one another. The process is seen in many different ways. Our clothing is no longer made in the United States, today we look at

Reflective free essay sample

Phenomenon Causal Context Clarifying Describe the here and now experience What essential factors contributed to this experience? What are the significant background factors to this experience? What are the key processes for Reflection in this experience? 2. Reflection 2. 1. What was I trying to achieve? 2. 2. Why did I intervene as I did? 2. 3. What were the consequences of my actions for: †¢ myself? †¢ the patient/family? †¢ the people I work with? . 4. How did I feel about this experience when it was happening? 2. 5. How did the patient feel about it? 2. 6. How do I know how the patient felt about it? 3. Influencing factors 3. 1. What internal factors influenced my decision making? 3. 2. What external factors influenced my decision making? 3. 3. What sources of knowledge did/should have influenced my decision making? 4. Could I have dealt better with the situation? 4. 1. What other choices did I have? 4. 2. What would be the consequences of these choices? 5. Learning 5. 1. How do I now feel about this experience? 5. 2. How have I made sense of this experience in the light of past experience and future practice? 5. 3. How has this experience changed my ways of knowing: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ empirics? aesthetics? ethics? personal? (Taken from â€Å"Centre for Health Education† info RD+E(H) April 02) The Reflective Process — Analysing Learning from Experience 1. Gather the Information †¢ †¢ †¢ Describe the incident Explain the context Take any relevant clarifying statements from others involved 2. The Reflection †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ What was I trying to achieve? What were the consequences of my action for the patient, for my colleagues, for me? What do I feel about it? What has been the effect on my colleagues? What factors/previous knowledge may have influenced me? What alternative action could I have taken? 3. The Learning Process †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ How do I feel now? Could I have acted differently? What have I learnt? How will that influence my future practice? What has the incident taught me about my values and/or my belief system? What ethical principles were involved? Once you have completed the process, it would be valuable to evaluate it again, with a colleague or with a professional mentor to clarify the main issues, the learning involved and the impact on your practice. CHIRS WHITEHEAD Professional Development Co-ordinator February 1994 (Taken from â€Å"Centre for Health Education† info RD+E(H) April 02) (More examples of reflective writing formats) Reflection on Practice Date: 3rd Feb 1995 A 50 year old man with CA lung who was not expected to live much longer was smoking in his room with oxygen. The Consultant had just visited him and told him that he could continue to smoke in his room. The gentleman was unsafe to be left as every time he took a puff on the cigarette he collapsed and he still had the oxygen running through a nasal cannulae. Description of the experience I expressed my concerns to the Consultant, my concerns being: †¢ There was piped oxygen in the room and there was a high risk that it may ignite. †¢ There was a risk to the patient that he may set light to himself or the bed when he collapsed. †¢ There were babies below. †¢ There was not enough staff on duty to free someone up to sit with him whilst he smoked. Once the Consultant had left the ward I took away the cigarettes and lighter and said that we would be back every hour to allow him to smoke. The gentleman did not like this and started calling out and shouting continuously for a lighted cigarette. My decision was to only allow one cigarette an hour as I could only free up a Nurse to sit with him for this period of time. To turn the oxygen supply off whilst the gentleman had the cigarette and to keep the cigarettes in case he tried to light up whilst there was no one around. What other actions could I have taken? †¢ Allowed him to smoke with the oxygen on and without a Nurse present and allowed him to get on with it. The consequence would have been that he may have collapsed without my knowledge and died/caught light to himself. †¢ Not to have allowed him to smoke at all taking the cigarettes away from him. The consequence would have been an angry uptight man shouting at the top of his voice until I relented or he wore himself out, causing distress to himself and the other patients on the ward. How did I feel at the time? †¢ Frustrated that the Consultant put me in such a position and did not seem to think of the consequences. †¢ Annoyed that my concerns were washed over when I was accountable for that shift. †¢ Powerless to do much about this situation. †¢ Determined that whatever I did, I was doing it for the right reasons and had thought about every possible avenue. What I have learnt from this experience? That you have to act as you see fit when faced with a situation as this one. †¢ That you have to take the welfare of the gentleman and others into consideration. †¢ That you cannot always expect backing from your Consultant or Nurse in charge. †¢ That you, have to take a holistic view point and weigh up all the pros and cons. †¢ That you have to stick to your decision if you believe it to be right. Three months later After reflecting on this incident I still believe today that I made the correct decision of only allowing this man to smoke when the oxygen was turned off and a Nurse was present. It caused him some distress and myself a lot of distress but I feel I had an obligation to safeguard the safety of the other patients and babies in the ward and the ward below. The gentleman has since died and I wonder sometimes whether I was too hard, but as they say you can only do what you believe in and work within the confines of the situation, which on reflection I believe I did. (Taken from â€Å"Centre for Health Education† info RD+E(H) April 02) Reflective Log from Teignbridge District Model Name: Date of learning event: Me My experience of the subject prior to the learning experience. Facts How the knowledge was acquired? What was the nature of the experience or event? Explain the subject. An account of what happened without specifying what was learnt. Select the part that is significant and/or important. Feelings What aspect of the event went well? What was not so good? What were my feelings about what happened? What were the feelings of others? Learning What were my desired learning outcomes? Where does it link in or combine with my existing knowledge? What have I learnt from the experience? Conclusions What do I need to do next? How can I put my learning into practice in another situation?

Outlining The Impairments Conditions Children And Young People Essay Example

Outlining The Impairments Conditions Children And Young People Essay Self-identity is defined as the perceptual experience of the functions individual s espouse throughout their life-time with turning grounds proposing that self- individuality can last throughout dementedness including the ulterior phases ( Cohen- Mansfield, Parpura-Gill A ; Golander 2006, p. 202 ) . Facilitating meaningful activity for people with dementedness has grown from this research, demoing that it can take to improved wellbeing , a term which encompasses an person s accomplishment of a satisfactory being ( Harris, Nagy A ; Vardaxis 2006, p. 1827 ) . As such, the impression of facilitating meaningful activity involves the acknowledgment of the importance of showing ego individuality and individualism through developing and take parting in meaningful business and activity which brings significance to each person. Facilitating meaningful activity involves helping people with dementedness achieve personal ends of activity, made meaningful through alining them to their single values, past functions, involvements and cognitive ability ( Harmer A ; Orrell 2008, p. 552 ) . The family/whanau Family health professionals of people with dementedness, frequently called the unseeable 2nd patients, are critical to the quality of life of the attention receivers. The effects of being a household health professional, though sometimes positive, are by and large negative, with high rates of load and psychological morbidity every bit good as societal isolation, physical ill-health, and fiscal adversity. Health professionals vulnerable to inauspicious effects can be identified, as can factors which ameliorate or exacerbate load and strain. Psychosocial intercessions have been demonstrated to cut down health professional load and depression and hold nursing place admittance. Comprehensive direction of the patient with dementedness includes constructing a partnership between wellness professionals and household health professionals, referral to Alzheimer s Associations, and psychosocial intercessions where indicated. The carers We will write a custom essay sample on Outlining The Impairments Conditions Children And Young People specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Outlining The Impairments Conditions Children And Young People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Outlining The Impairments Conditions Children And Young People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Advance attention planning is a procedure that helps you to do determinations about your hereafter wellness attention. It is normally done in audience with your health care suppliers, household members and other of import people in your life.A An Advance Care Plan, or Advance Directive, is one manner of seting this program into composing. It needs to be done when you are good, and before you can no longer do determinations for yourself.A A written Advance Care Plan can assist those supplying attention for you to cognize what you want if you are no longer able to pass on your wishes.A Patients in the ulterior phases of dementedness may go earnestly sick. They may no longer be able to pass on their wants. If they did non do any progress programs, a household member may be asked about giving or keep backing different interventions such as tubing eating. It can be helpful to discourse these affairs before the individual becomes acutely ill so that you are cognizant of the options and determinations to be made. The progression/development of the marks and symptom Recent memory loss that affects twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours maps It is normal to bury meetings, co-workers names or a friend s telephone figure on occasion, but so retrieve them subsequently. A individual with dementedness may bury things more frequently, and non retrieve them at all. Trouble executing familiar undertakings Busy people can be so distracted from clip to clip that they may go forth the carrots on the range and merely retrieve to function them when the repast has finished. A individual with dementedness might fix a repast and non merely bury to function it, but besides forget they made it. Problems with linguistic communication Everyone has problem happening the right word sometimes, but a individual with dementedness may bury simple words or replacement inappropriate words, doing sentences hard to understand. Disorientation to clip and topographic point It is normal to bury the twenty-four hours of the hebdomad or your finish for a minute. But people with dementedness can go lost on their ain street, non cognizing where they are, how they got at that place or how to acquire back place. Poor or decreased opinion Dementia affects a individual s memory and concentration, and this in bend affects their opinion. Many activities, such as drive, require good opinion and when this ability is affected, the individual will be a hazard, non merely to themselves, but besides to others on the route. Problems with abstract believing Balancing a cheque book may be hard for many of us. Person with dementedness could bury wholly what the Numberss are and what needs to be done with them. Misplacing things Anyone can temporarily mislay a billfold or keys. A individual with dementedness may repeatedly set things in inappropriate topographic points. Changes in temper or behavior Everyone becomes sad or Moody from clip to clip. Person with dementedness can hold rapid temper swings, for no evident ground. They can go baffled, leery or withdrawn. Changes in personality Peoples s personalities can alter a small with age. But a individual with dementedness can go leery or fearful, or apathetic and incommunicative. They may besides go dis-inhibited, overfamiliar or more outgoing than antecedently. Loss of enterprise It is normal to pall of housekeeping, concern activities or societal duties. The individual with dementedness may lose involvement in antecedently enjoyed activities, or go really inactive and necessitate cues motivating them to go involved. Symptom Remember that many conditions have symptoms similar to dementia, so it is of import non to presume that person has dementia merely because some of the above symptoms are present. Strokes, depression, alcohol addiction, infections, endocrine upsets, nutritionary lacks and encephalon tumors can all do dementia-like symptoms. Many of these conditions can be treated. Consulting a Cognitive Dementia and Memory Service ( CDAMS ) clinic or physician to obtain a diagnosing is critical at an early phase. A complete medical and psychological appraisal may place a treatable status and guarantee that it is treated right, or it may corroborate the presence of dementedness. Such an appraisal might include the undermentioned: A elaborate medical history, provided if possible by the individual with the symptoms and a close comparative or friend. This helps to set up whether there is a slow or sudden oncoming of symptoms and their patterned advance A thorough physical and neurological scrutiny, including trials of the senses and motions to govern out other causes of dementedness and to place medical unwellnesss which may decline the confusion associated with dementedness. Lab trials, including a assortment of blood and piss trials called a dementia screen to prove for a assortment of possible unwellnesss which could be responsible for the symptoms. The dementedness screen is available through a physician. Neuropsychological proving to place maintained abilities and specific job countries, such as comprehension, penetration and opinion Other specialised trials, such as a thorax X ray, ECG or CT scan A mental position trial to look into a scope of rational maps, such as memory and the ability to read, compose and cipher. Psychiatric appraisal to place treatable upsets which can mime dementedness, such as depression, and besides to pull off psychiatric symptoms, such as anxiousness or psychotic beliefs, which may happen alongside a dementing unwellness The manner in which the damage impacts on the diverse kineticss of the family/whanau Friends and household To be the chief carer for person with Alzheimer s disease can be lonely and wash uping, it may intend being available 24 hours a twenty-four hours. In such a state of affairs friends and household are priceless and do all the difference between life which can be endured with bravery and attempt and one which is rather likely to destruct the carer before the 1 who is being cared for. But back uping a carer is non something that everyone does of course. Some people seem to neglect to appreciate how much they can assist or possibly fear that if they offer they will happen themselves committed to making more than they feel able to accept. Many carers said that it is in this state of affairs that you find out who your true friends are, but many more praised the selfless and sensitive manner in which aid was offered. One aged carer suggested that friends were likely to happen her really deadening now that she did nil other than attention for her hubby at place. One carer realised that a neighbor and former friend was frightened by his married woman s dementedness. Several people caring for a parent at a distance admitted that this put considerable strain on their ain households who had to come to footings with either being abandoned at short notice or holding to do frequent visits to their baffled grandparent when an exigency arose. Siblings may be expected to experience an equal duty for caring for a parent who has Alzheimer s disease, but in pattern it was frequently one member who saw themselves as transporting the chief load of attention. There were assorted accounts for this. Sometimes it was geographical, the parent happened to populate closer to one of their kids. Sometimes the carer perceived their relationship with their parent as being in some manner different, closer than their brothers and sisters. One carer, who was able in theory to appreciate that for her brother or her sister to see their female parent involved several hours going, did show a want that they could at least inform her when they were traveling to see so that she could cognize that at that clip she was relieved of the duty which she felt otherwise was changeless. Four sisters who endeavoured to take equal portions in the attention of their female parent admitted the tensenesss which existed in this state of affairs particularly when it came to the make up ones minding whether the clip had arrived for their female parent to travel into a nursing place. The manner in which the person, family/whanua, and carers interact and respond to germinating stressors Take attention of yourself As the health professional of a individual who has dementedness, you must first take attention of yourself. If you become excessively tired and defeated, you will be less able to assist your household member. If you need a interruption, seek the followers: Ask for helpA from relations, friends, and local community organisations. Expression for health professional support groups.A Other people who are covering with the same jobs may hold some good thoughts about how you can get by better and how to do caregiving easier. See respite care.A Respite attention is short-run attention that is given to a individual who has dementia in order to supply alleviation for the health professional. Respite attention may be available from your local senior citizens group or a societal services bureau. See grownup twenty-four hours care centers.A They can give your household member a consistent environment and a opportunity to socialise. Alzheimer s and other dementia-causing diseases are sometimes called household diseases because kids, partners, and other household members are frequently the 1s who provide the necessary daily attention. As the disease worsens and involves more disconcerting alterations, it can take a heavy toll on a health professional s physical and mental wellness, household life, occupation, and fundss. But by taking a balanced, thoughtful attack, you can cut down your emphasis while assisting your loved one remain every bit comfy as possible. The manner in which the codification of rights is applied to the specific group of people selected Engagement Peoples with dementedness and their carers have the right to be provided with accessible information and the support they require in order to enable them to exert their right to take part in determinations which affect them. Peoples with dementedness and their carers have the right to populate every bit independently as possible with entree to recreational, leisure and cultural life in their community. Peoples with dementedness and their carers have the right to full engagement in attention demands appraisal, planning, make up ones minding and set uping attention, support and intervention, including advanced determination devising. Peoples with dementedness and their carers have the right to be assisted to take part in the preparation and execution of policies that affect their wellbeing and the exercising of their human rights. Accountability Peoples with dementedness and their carers have the right to be able to bask human rights and cardinal freedoms in every portion of their day-to-day lives and wherever they are, including full regard for their self-respect, beliefs, single fortunes and privateness. Public and private organic structures, voluntary administrations and persons responsible for the attention and intervention of individuals with dementedness should be held accountable for the regard, protection and fulfillment of their human rights and equal stairss should be adopted to guarantee this is the instance. Non-discrimination and equality Peoples with dementedness and their carers have the right to be free from favoritism based on any evidences such as age, disablement, gender, race, sexual orientation, spiritual beliefs, societal or other position. Authorization Peoples with dementedness have the right to hold entree to appropriate degrees of attention supplying protection, rehabilitation and encouragement. Peoples with dementedness have the right to assist to achieve and keep maximal independency, physical, mental, societal and vocational ability, and full inclusion and engagement in all facets of life. Peoples with dementedness and their carers have the right to entree to chances for community instruction and womb-to-tomb acquisition. Peoples with dementedness have the right to entree to societal and legal services to heighten their liberty, protection and attention. Peoples with dementedness have the right to wellness and societal attention services provided by professionals and staff who have had appropriate preparation on dementedness and human rights to guarantee the highest quality of service. Legality Peoples with dementedness and their carers have the right to hold the full scope of human rights respected, protected and fulfilled. In add-on to those explicitly contained in the Human Rights Act 1998, these include ; the right to populate in self-respect and security and be free of development, force and physical, mental or sexual maltreatment economic, societal and cultural rights including the right to an equal criterion of life including, societal protection the right to the highest come-at-able criterion of physical and mental wellness. Peoples with dementedness and their carers have the right to information, to engagement in determination devising and, where rights are non observed, the right to seek redress through effectual ailment and entreaty processs. Peoples with dementedness have the right, irrespective of diagnosing, to the same civil and legal rights as everyone else. Where person lacks capacity to take a specific action or determination due to their mental upset, anyone moving for them must hold respect for the rules and commissariats of the Adults with Incapacity ( Scotland ) Act 2000 Act. These rules are enshrined in Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities which sets out internationalA criterions in relation to legal capacity.A In drumhead, any intercession on behalf of the individual with dementedness who lacks capacity must: profit the individual curtail the individual s freedom every bit small as possible whilst still accomplishing the desiredA benefit take history of the individual s yesteryear and present wants ( withA appropriate support to help communicating ) take history of the positions of relevant others promote the individual to utilize their bing abilities and to develop new accomplishments. Peoples with autism spectrum upsets ( ASD ) Individual Many persons with ASD have features that could do them attractive to possible employers, including promptness, attending to detail, consistence, dependability, or good visual-spatial or mechanical skills.A Whatever skills the individual possesses, it is of import to stress the strengths and the parts ( s ) he could do to the concern. There are certain occupation development schemes that may be peculiarly utile and productive to prioritise when occupation seeking with and for occupation searchers with ASD. Person-centered planningA is critical in the occupation arrangement procedure and helps occupation developers identify both the strengths and support demands that a individual with ASD brings to the occupation hunt. Several ICI publications on this subject can be downloaded for free from the web: Get downing with Me: A Guide to Person-Centered Planning for Job SeekersA www.communityinclusion.org/article.php? article_id=54 A ; type=topic A ; id=3 More Than Merely a Occupation: Person-Centered Career PlanningA www.communityinclusion.org/article.php? article_id=16 A ; type=topic A ; id=3 Career Exploration.A Many persons with ASD may hold to travel through an extended calling geographic expedition procedure, particularly those with limited employment exposure and experience. Intensive guidance to place options ; disbursement clip acquiring to cognize the vicinity / community ; take parting in workplace Tourss and informational interviews ; and seeking out existent occupation activities will assist occupation searchers to hone in on employment involvements and ends. Employment staff may besides hold to supply some persons with alternate ways of showing their penchants such as the usage of AAC devices or by indicating to images or symbols.A Job Carving/Job CreationA can be an effectual attack. It frequently makes sense to take advantage of a individual s alone set of accomplishments and involvements by carving out or making a occupation within an bing concern. In making so, occupation developers need to show to the employer that the occupation searcher can do their concern more efficient or productive. For more information about how to travel about this procedure, see the ICI publication: A When Existing Jobs Do nt Fit: A Guide to Job Creation www.communityinclusion.org/article.php? article_id=126 A ; type=topic A ; id=3 NetworkingA has been proven to rush up the occupation hunt! Building on the personal and professional concern contacts of employment staff, the occupation searcher, household members, neighbours, and friends is a far more effectual scheme for occupation development than doing cold calls. This can frequently heighten that critical chance by supplying a pes in the door to persons with more important barriers. For more information and tips about the how-tos of networking, see ICI publications: Networking: A Consumer Guide to an Effective Job Search www.communityinclusion.org/article.php? article_id=62 A ; type=topic A ; id=3 Making Networking Easier for Job Seekers: A Guide www.communityinclusion.org/article.php? article_id=138 A ; type=topic A ; id=3 Teaching Networking Skills: Paving a Way to Jobs and Careers ( manual ) This manual provides a course of study straight for usage with occupation searchers. It can be downloaded for free at www.communityinclusion.org/article.php? article_id=251 or purchased through the ICI Publications Office ( see back page for telling information ) . The household /whanau Families with ASD was founded in 2005 by Gregory and Julia Ann Smith. Their oldest boy, Luke, was diagnosed with Autism in 1998 when the rate of Autism was 1 in 10,000. At the age of 9 old ages, Luke started holding major medical and behavioural issues with his Autism. They needed person who understood what they were populating with 24/7, so they reached out to other households that had a kid with autism. They besides wanted support for their youngest boy, Joel. He was holding a difficult clip with Luke s meltdowns, and needed to be around other siblings. The first Families with ASD Autism Family Support Group meeting was held on March 4, 2005. 7 households attended the first meeting. In December of 2005, when the rank had grown to over 50 households, Julia and Greg applied for a 501 ( degree Celsius ) 3 public charity position, and was awarded it in February of 2006. In September of 2006, Families with ASD hosted their first Autism Expo, and Julia put together her first Autism Yellow Pages AÂ © . Over 2,200 people attended their first Autism Expo which was held at the Anderson Hills United Methodist Church on Beechmont Ave, in Cincinnati, OH. Since that twenty-four hours, over 16,000 people have attended the free one-year household event, and over 15,000 transcripts of Julia s Autism Yellow PagesAÂ © have been printed and handed out FREE to households, schools, churches, physicians s offices, and other organisations. In 2008, Families with ASD opened the first in the Greater Cincinnati/ Northern Kentucky country, Autism Family Resource Center which serves as a Point of Entry to households new and old to the Autism diagnosing. The Autism Family Resource Center is located in Milford, OH, and presently serves over 500 households that live with autism in the Greater Cincinnati, Northern Kentucky country. Over the old ages, as their boy has grown, the focal point of Families with ASD s Mission has broaden to include grownups with autism. Luke is traveling to be 17 old ages old this twelvemonth, and the Smith household knows that by age 22years, Luke will be aged out of school services. They founded the Adults with Autism Task force in 2009 which is working towards Adult Autism Awareness with the I Am an Adult with Autism ( TM ) consciousness plan, and keep Adult with Autism Classes and Social at the Autism Center. The carers Looking after person with autismA can show a parent or carer with a figure of challenges. It can besides set considerable strain on relationships and on siblings. Because autism is a spectrum upset, people s experiences vary tremendously, but it s by and large harder for parents and carers of people with more terrible autism, says Lintilla Turner, Senior Helpline Adviser forA The National Autistic Society ( NAS ) . The most common troubles for carers include get bying with behaviour issues and isolation. Coping with behaviour issues in the place can be really ambitious, says Lintilla. Carers may hold to cover with anything from toileting issues to self-harm, and this can be really difficult if you re on your ain. Autism is an unobserved disablement, which means that outside the place parents and carers may hold to cover with disapproval from people who do nt understand the state of affairs. This in bend can take to isolation. Lintilla says the NAS helpline gets many calls from parents and carers who have concerns about go forthing the place because they worry about other people s reactions to their kid s behavior. Many grownups with autism live with their parents. The NAS receives 1000s of calls from carers of grownups with autism, says Lintilla. One of the large challenges for these carers is the deficiency of services and support for grownups with autism. Sign Sign languageA provides numerousA societal, A emotional, A cognitive, andA communicative benefitsA for kids with autism, such as: Stimulation of address and linguistic communication development The ocular stimulation provided by gestural linguistic communication activates the same centres in the encephalon that are activated by address. Many marks are iconic, intending they are gestures that are visually associated to the object they refer to. These ocular associations are easier for kids with autism. Sign linguistic communication acts as a span to speech and linguistic communication by turning on countries of the encephalon that are inactive due to the dislocation in spoken linguistic communication. Decrease of negative societal behaviours Children with autism typically display negative societal behaviours such as fits, anxiousness, self-injury, and aggression. These behaviours are intensified when the kid can non pass on basic demands and wants. Sign linguistic communication offers entree to communicating and eases the defeat that a kid with autism feels when they are unable to show themselves! Increase in societal interaction Sign linguistic communication provides a manner for kids with autism to show themselves. It besides makes it easier for your kid to receptively associate gestures with significance. Expressive and receptive linguistic communication accomplishments are the edifice blocks for societal interactions. Children that are able to show themselves are more likely to seek out societal interactions! Development of cognitive constructions Sign linguistic communication supports development of cognitive constructions that are of import for address and linguistic communication. Communication through mark helps to set up connexions in the encephalon that are necessary for encoding linguistic communication. Encoding linguistic communication early is the key to acquisition, and acquisition is the key to success. Symptoms The chief marks and symptoms of autism involve jobs in the undermentioned countries: CommunicationA both verbal ( spoken ) and non-verbal ( mute, such as pointing, oculus contact, and smiling ) SocialA such as sharing emotions, understanding how others think and feel, and keeping a conversation Routines or insistent behaviours ( besides called stereotyped behaviours ) A such as reiterating words or actions, compulsively following modus operandis or agendas, and playing in insistent ways The symptoms of autism can normally be observed by 18 months of age.A There are many possibleA red flags for autismA behaviours that may be marks or symptoms of autism.A Some characteristics may intend a hold in one or more countries of development, while others may be more typical of autism spectrum disorders.A If you think your kid shows red flags for autism, talk to your wellness attention supplier. The manner in which the damage impacts on the diverse kineticss of the family/whanau Having a household member with autism nowadayss emotional, societal, and fiscal challenges. The emphasis placed onA parentsand other household members of people with autism can be influenced by a figure of factors. Examples of such factors include how good the individual with autism maps, how much societal support the household receives, and sometimes the ethnicity of the individual s parents. Siblings ofA childrenA andteensA with autism seem to do better in their apprehension and credence of the household member with autism when provided with instruction about their loved one s status. Many people find it helpful to run into other people who ve had a similar experience and portion get bying schemes. There are assorted types of support groups, including groups for all types of carers and groups specifically for the households and carers of people with autism. The manner in which the person, family/whanua, and carers interact and respond to germinating stressors Therapies for autism purpose to cut down the unnatural behaviour that is exhibited by people who are affected by this status. Furthermore, people who are populating with persons with autism have to play their ain portion. You do nt hold to be a wellness professional in order to be able to make this. You merely necessitate to cognize what you need to make and what you need to avoid. You need to be able to demo your support. When you are to get down a peculiar undertaking that involves that individual, you have to be patient. Every small measure that you are traveling to take has to be explained ahead. You besides need to state them what you are traveling to make next. Sometimes, the grounds for these actions have to be given every bit good. Take some clip before you move on to the following measure. You should non hotfoot to finish the undertakings as this can scare the person. It might be helpful if you receive a response and an recognition before you proceed with making the action. In talking with them, you need to be precise with your statements. You have to speak easy and seek to be every bit clear as possible. Keep from utilizing complex words as they might non understand what you are speaking about. You might hold to reiterate your statement if you do non see any signifier of recognition. In inquiring inquiries, use direct linguistic communication. Besides consider utilizing inquiries that can be answered by yes or non. Questions that require complicated replies can be excessively difficult for most persons with this status. A individual with autism will likewise take cues from how you move and how your facial looks are. So, you need to be careful with your organic structure linguistic communication. Statements or inquiries that say one thing and intend another might non be suited to state in forepart of a individual with autism. Most of them understand your words by how you say them. Double significances can non be understood as how other people might take them. In order to avoid holds and uncomfortableness for the individual, see set uping a modus operandi for the day-to-day undertakings that must be completed. When they are familiar with the things that they are making, they can finish such undertakings without any signifier of job. You can carry through a batch of things in a short period of clip. In the long tally, you can detect that they will non necessitate any signifier of training from you as they are already cognizant of what they need to make. See methods that can loosen up and rejuvenate the person. Some are undergoing watering place or massage interventions if they tolerate these steps. There are even those who will hold regular O therapy Sessionss. If you are able to alleviate physical emphasis, you may be able to maintain that individual composure. They might non go dying when a potentially discomforting state of affairs occurs. Support from the household and friends are indispensable for any individual with autism to populate a life that is every bit normal as possible. Some of them may even be able to stand out in peculiar Fieldss that they have chosen to be in. The manner in which the codification of rights is applied to the specific group of people selected TheA autism rights movementA ( ARM ) ( alsoA neurodiversity movementA orA autistic civilization motion ) is aA societal movementA that encouragesA autisticA people, their health professionals and society to follow a place ofA neurodiversity, accepting autism as a fluctuation in working instead than aA mental disorderA to be cured. [ 1 ] A The ARM advocates a assortment of ends including a greater credence of autistic behaviours ; [ 2 ] A intervention that teaches autistic persons get bying accomplishments instead than intervention focused on copying behaviours ofneurotypicalA equals, including snuff outing harmlessA stimming, forcingA oculus contactA and interrupting modus operandis ; [ 3 ] A the creative activity of societal webs and events that allow autistic individuals to socialise on their ain footings ; [ 4 ] A and the acknowledgment of the autistic community as a minority group. [ 5 ] Autism rights or neurodiversity advocators believe that autism spectrum upsets are fami

Free Essays on Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Massachusetts Bay Company was formed by a group of non-Separatist Puritans who was being persecuted for their beliefs in England. The charter was brought along with the colonists, and was used as a constitution. The immigrants from England set sail on eleven ships in 1630 to the shores of Massachusetts. The Bay Colony’s first governor, John Winthrop, was an affluent Englishman who believed that a God had propelled him to lead the new colony. The skills of Winthrop facilitated the prosperity of Massachusetts. Fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding industries boomed, as the Bay Colony quickly became the most dominant of the New England colonies. The Puritans believed that they had created a safe haven for freedom, but in truth, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was hypocritical in its religious, social, and political foundations. One of the main reasons the Puritans escaped to America was for religious freedom. It would be sensible for the Puritans to allow religious freedom in their fledgling colony, but the conflicts were inevitable. The Quakers, who ignored the Puritan authority, were persecuted with fines, floggings, and evictions. Anne Hutchinson challenged the Puritan clergy with unorthodox views. She claimed that people did not need to obey the laws of God in order to be saved. This was considered high heresy in the Puritan colony. Hutchinson committed another sacrilege at her trial, when she testified that her beliefs had come through God. The Puritans had little choice but to expel her, for she would contaminate the religious purity of the Bay Colony if she were allowed to stay. Another threat to the Puritans was a minister, Roger Williams. He demanded that the colony break from the Church of England and opposed the power of government to control religious behavior. The outraged Puritans planned to ship Williams off to England, but he fled to the Rhode Island area in 1636, where he established the first Baptist church in Ameri... Free Essays on Massachusetts Bay Colony Free Essays on Massachusetts Bay Colony The Massachusetts Bay Company was formed by a group of non-Separatist Puritans who was being persecuted for their beliefs in England. The charter was brought along with the colonists, and was used as a constitution. The immigrants from England set sail on eleven ships in 1630 to the shores of Massachusetts. The Bay Colony’s first governor, John Winthrop, was an affluent Englishman who believed that a God had propelled him to lead the new colony. The skills of Winthrop facilitated the prosperity of Massachusetts. Fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding industries boomed, as the Bay Colony quickly became the most dominant of the New England colonies. The Puritans believed that they had created a safe haven for freedom, but in truth, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was hypocritical in its religious, social, and political foundations. One of the main reasons the Puritans escaped to America was for religious freedom. It would be sensible for the Puritans to allow religious freedom in their fledgling colony, but the conflicts were inevitable. The Quakers, who ignored the Puritan authority, were persecuted with fines, floggings, and evictions. Anne Hutchinson challenged the Puritan clergy with unorthodox views. She claimed that people did not need to obey the laws of God in order to be saved. This was considered high heresy in the Puritan colony. Hutchinson committed another sacrilege at her trial, when she testified that her beliefs had come through God. The Puritans had little choice but to expel her, for she would contaminate the religious purity of the Bay Colony if she were allowed to stay. Another threat to the Puritans was a minister, Roger Williams. He demanded that the colony break from the Church of England and opposed the power of government to control religious behavior. The outraged Puritans planned to ship Williams off to England, but he fled to the Rhode Island area in 1636, where he established the first Baptist church in Ameri...

The Function and Location of the Brainstem

The Function and Location of the Brainstem The brainstem is the region of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and the pons. Motor and sensory neurons travel through the brainstem allowing for the relay of signals between the brain and the spinal cord. Most  cranial nerves  are found in the brainstem. The brainstem coordinates motor control signals sent from the ​brain to the body. This brain region also controls life supporting autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system. The fourth cerebral ventricle is located in the brainstem, posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata. This  cerebrospinal fluid-filled ventricle is continuous with the cerebral aqueduct and the central canal of the spinal cord. Function In addition to linking the cerebrum and spinal cord, the brainstem also connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum. The cerebellum is important for regulating functions such as movement coordination, balance, equilibrium, and muscle tone. It is positioned above the brainstem and beneath the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex. Nerve tracts traveling through the brainstem relay signals from the cerebellum to areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in motor control. This allows for the coordination of fine motor movements needed for activities such as walking or playing video games. The brainstem also controls several important functions of the body including: AlertnessArousalBreathingBlood pressure controlDigestionHeart rateOther autonomic functionsRelays information between the peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the upper parts of the brain Location Directionally, the brainstem is located at the juncture of the cerebrum and the spinal column. It is anterior to the cerebellum. Brainstem Structures The brainstem is composed of the midbrain and portions of the hindbrain, specifically the pons and medulla. A major function of the midbrain is to connect the three major brain divisions: forebrain, midbrain, and  hindbrain. Major structures of the midbrain include the tectum and cerebral peduncle. The tectum is composed of rounded bulges of brain matter that are involved in visual and auditory reflexes. The cerebral peduncle consists of large bundles of nerve fiber tracts that connect the forebrain to the hindbrain. The hindbrain is composed of two subregions known as the metencephalon and myelencephalon. The metencephalon is composed of the pons and cerebellum. The pons assists in the regulation  of breathing, as well as states of sleep and arousal. The cerebellum relays information between muscles and the  brain. The myelencephalon consists of the medulla oblongata and functions to connect the spinal cord with higher brain regions. The medulla also helps to regulate autonomic functions, such as breathing and blood pressure. Brainstem Injury Injury to the brainstem caused by trauma or stroke can lead to difficulties with mobility and movement coordination. Activities such as walking, writing, and eating become difficult and the individual may require life-long treatment. Stroke that occurs in the brainstem causes the destruction of brain tissue that is needed for the direction of vital body functions such as respiration, heart rhythm, and swallowing. A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is disrupted, most commonly by a blood clot. When the brainstem is damaged, signals between the brain and the rest of the body are disrupted. Brainstem stroke can cause problems with breathing, heart rate, hearing, and speech. It may also cause paralysis of the arms and legs, as well as numbness in the body or on one side of the body. Sources Murphy, Andrew. Brainstem. Dr. Jeremy Jones, Radiopaedia, 2005. Pietrangelo, Ann. Brain Stem Stroke. Healthline, May 23, 2018.

Google's Organizational Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Google's Organizational Culture - Essay Example As the paper stresses HRM and leadership are thought to be the organizational sectors that have involved more in the development of Google through the years. However, in case of Google the existence of a HR strategy cannot be considered as the only reason for the success of the firm. In fact, it seems that most organizational policies (also those related with the firm’s HR department) have been appropriately designed and implemented throughout the particular organization. The terms of the HR policy applied by Google can be viewed as included in a general scheme in which ‘a stable income base is provided with more equal and annually increasing monthly wages, while competitive incentives for better performance are offered in the form of more drastically varied biannual bonuses’. Generally, it could be stated that apart from leadership, a significant factor towards the success of Google has been its employees. In this context, in order to evaluate the success of the firm either in the short and the long term, we should examine the performance of its employees. Indeed, the study of Ramlall   led to the conclusion that ‘it is only through performance measuring that one can really articulate the benefits of HR strategies in achieving the organizations business strategy and in the process enhance the credibility of the HR profession’. The importance of employees for the success of the business is also supported by Lawler et al.   who noticed that ‘the greatest benefits occur when HR is a strategic business partner that fully participates in both the development and implementation of strategy’. In other words, only in firms where the HR strategies have a primary position in the firms’ daily operation the growth of the specific businesses can be expected to be high.  

The Recent and Current Global Financial Crisis Essay - 1

The Recent and Current Global Financial Crisis - Essay Example This view has recently been confirmed by an IMF report (2011), that financial crises usually follow "credit or asset price bubbles" (IMF, p. 6). Moshirian (2010) has found that the inability of national regulatory bodies to respond adequately to a global market that has become increasingly interdependent has left these bodies unable to control regulatory arbitrage and the international movement of toxic assets (p. 504). In a way of confirming these last two perspectives Longstaff (2008) has found that lower movements in the ABX Index of credit-default swaps did cause financial contagion in other financial markets. This report will show how in the US, deregulation did serve to encourage market liquidity that could have advantaged banks and homeowners. The report will explain how the lack of appropriate regulation in the financial markets led to both a real estate bubble and the global financial crisis that reached the UK and world markets. Â  Since the Great Depression, the American government has initiated programs that encouraged homeownership for the average citizen while at the same time promoting and ensuring savings, as assets in banking institutions, that could be used to pay for mortgages. Following World War II there occurred several rounds of deregulation policy expressed through the passage of US federal acts that eventually, though not intentionally, allowed banks to collateralize the assets and to use them, as investment banks, to participate directly in the secondary financial markets. Deregulation was originally intended to finance supply with more liquidity of resources in order to meet an increasing demand in the real estate market.

Prevention of teen pregnancy Essay Example for Free

Prevention of teen pregnancy Essay Explain the level of prevention with teen pregnancy (can choose your own level out of the three levels).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teenage pregnancy has been a major problem not only in the developed world but also recently in the developing nations.   In the US and Canada, due to the increased awareness amongst teenagers, the prevalence of teenage pregnancies is decreasing.   However, in several developing nations, the incidence of teenage pregnancies is on the rise.   In the year 1999, it was found that about 97 teenagers out of every 1000 between the ages of 15 to 19 years were pregnant and about 80 % of them were not desired.    Before the age of 18 years, 80 % of the teenage girls have sex.   The age of menarche has also dropped to 12 to 13 years (Weiss, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teenage pregnancies may not be intended for social reasons but due to other including medical and psychological.   The chances of the girl to have a miscarriage, abortion, stillborn baby, etc, are reasonable higher.   These girls are usually the ones who belong to the lower socioeconomic groups and the chances of living in poverty are realistically higher.   The financial burden on the woman would also increase, as she would now have to leave her studies and pick up some job in order to support her child.   Children born from a teen mother are frequently underweight and are at a high risk of developing health problems.   Due to a number of causes, it is always preferred that teenage pregnancies are prevented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are three different levels of prevention when it comes to teenage pregnancies.   These include primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention.   Primary prevention includes measures to prevent pregnancies through physical or other methods.   These include use of contraceptive pills, condoms, etc.   This helps to reduce minimize the risk of getting pregnant.   Secondary prevention includes checkups, scans, etc, to ensure that the girl does not get pregnant.   This is usually followed if primary prevention is not enabled.   Tertiary prevention of includes taking measures to prevent any further pregnancies after one has already occurred in the teenage girls.   The best level of prevention would be primary prevention (Connelly Inui, 2004).  Ã‚               How might this specific level of prevention be addressed in a community experiencing an increase in family violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several measures which need to be adopted for primary prevention of teenage pregnancies.   These include health education, sex education, school and college based programs, health services, use of condoms, use of contraceptives (birth control pills), etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the teen pregnancy prevention program several people belonging to the community should be involved including the teenagers, parents, teachers, legislatures, administrators, professionals, media, medical professionals, School authorities, etc.   It is important that the entire community be involved in the program, as teenage pregnancy is a multi-faceted issue.   People are advised to develop responsible health attitudes, behavior and practices regarding teenage pregnancy.  Ã‚   The program should be much more than just offering health services and counselling services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The program should take place at several places including schools, colleges, health centers, public health centers, community discussions, etc.   The targets of such programs should be more realistic and achievable.   Both the boy and girl should actively take part in such programs.   At all stages, it is very important that the family and the parents are involved.   Besides, resources and materials such as condoms, birth control pills, education material, counselling services, etc, should be provided.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the teenage pregnancy prevention program, multiple agencies should be involved.   In the planning and implementation of the program, teenagers themselves should be involved.   The parents should educate and create awareness in their children about sex and pregnancy during the childhood stage itself.   Hence, involvement of the parents is also required.   Mobile services would also help to create awareness in rural and far-flung areas.   The trust should be in creating increased levels of confidence, self-esteem and decision-making amongst teenagers.   Teenagers should also be educated about drug abuse and alcohol abuse.   Drug abuse can affect judgment, which can lead to irresponsible sex behavior. Explain why a comprehensive health program should address all three levels of prevention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teenage pregnancy programs need to address all the levels of prevention, as focusing on one single level of prevention and ignoring others would create bias and negative attitudes of the community to those girls who have already become pregnant.   As the rates of teenage pregnancy are reasonable high and a significant number of girls become pregnant during the teenage period, there are high chances that they would lead a miserable life.   This may make it all that more difficult to enable the process of primary prevention.   Several facilities such as health education, medical services for the mother and the child, housing, financial support, nursing homes, counselling, etc, need to be provided.   It is important that teenagers who become pregnant be given all the care and love during the pregnancy period and not be driven out of the house.   Pregnant girls should also be given counselling services as they would not know much of the manner in which their healthcare needs have to be met.   They should be specifically warned about drug abuse and smoking during this period. The focus should be on ensuring that the mother and child are healthy and do not suffer.   During the pregnancy period, the young father should be supportive of the girl.   The young mother should also be educated about the manner in which abuse and neglect need to be tackled. References: Connelly, M. T. Inui, T. S. (2004). â€Å"Principles of Disease Prevention.† In: Braunwald, E., Fauci, A. S., Kasper, D. L., Hauser, S. L., Longo, D. L. and Jameson, J.L. (Eds) Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, New York: McGraw-Hill. Huberman, B. (2005). â€Å"National Teen Pregnancy Prevention Month (NTPPM) Planning Guidebook.† Retrieved on December 9, 2007, from Advocates of Youth Web site. Ontarios Maternal, Newborn and Early Child Development Resource Centre and the Sex Information and Education Council of Canada (2007). â€Å"Update report on Teen pregnancy prevention.† Retrieved on December 9, 2007, from OMNECD Web site: SHPPS (2006). â€Å"Pregnancy Prevention.† Retrieved on December 9, 2007, from SHPPS Web site. Weiss, D. (2006). â€Å"Reducing Teenage Pregnancy.† Retrieved on December 9, 2007, from Planned Parenthood Web site: http://www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policy-issues/teen-pregnancy-sex-education/teenage-pregnancy-6240.htm

blacks in civil war Essay -- essays research papers

Slavery was abolished in this country over a hundred years ago but the consequences of this dark page in America's history are felt even today. This site was created to address those consequences, the political, social and cultural life of today's and yesterday's African Americans. What affect did the Civil War have on African Americans in the United States? Were they, as some argued, better off before the Civil War, or do the advances that blacks have made since then proved that the Civil War was indeed the turning point in the lives and opportunities of African Americans? These questions and more will be addressed in the following pagesWhen slaves were purchased off the ships from Africa, they ended up on plantations. The size and location of landholdings depended on the crop and the owner who purchased the slave. Most plantations were of the smaller variety and it was rare for an owner to have more than 20 slaves. Most housed only a handful of slaves, but no matter what the numbe rs, plantation life was pretty much the same for most slaves. Slaves were usually divided into two groups, the gang crew (usually male and did the field work) and the task crew (usually female and worked in the "big house"). The workday began around sunrise and always ended before dark except at busy times such as harvest. Slaves were not worked after dark for a number of reasons. First, the owners feared that escape would be easier; second, working after dark was considered an unwarranted burden on the slave; lastly, they believed that it impeded efficiency by reducing the hours of sleep the slave received. This is not to say the slave owners were compassionate. They saw the slaves not as humans but a business investment and only wanted to protect that investment. Slaves were not required to work on Sunday, as it was denounced as irreligious and a flagrant violation of the slave's deserved day of rest. However, they worked every other day, rain or shine. A reasonable day' s work meant a daily chore that while not back-breaking required a brisk pace to finish. Although whites believed that slaves could neither do as much nor continue to work as long as whites, both crews worked anywhere from 12-14 hours a day, with an hour or so for lunch at midday.After a long day in the field or the master's house, slaves were allowed to return to their families, a family much differen... ... portion of the South Carolina low-country rice fields for the exclusive settlement of freed people. Each family would receive forty acres of land and the loan of mules from the army--the origin, perhaps, of the famous 'forty acres and a mule' idea that would soon capture the imagination of African Americans throughout the South" (Faragher, 514). In this arrangement, the sharecropper would work a given section of plantation land. At the end of the harvest season, the owner would give the worker his "share" of the crop. Unfortunately for the African Americans, this ideal arrangement almost never worked out as it was designed due to manipulation of the system by the owner. During the year, the owner provided the worker and his family with housing, as described earlier, food, clothing, and medical care. Then the owner would make the worker pay for these "services" using his part of the harvest. More often than not, the worker ended up with nothing. Also, the re was no system of verification for the worker. When the owner presented the worker with his share of the harvest, the worker had to take the word of the owner that it was the actual share agreed upon. blacks in civil war Essay -- essays research papers Slavery was abolished in this country over a hundred years ago but the consequences of this dark page in America's history are felt even today. This site was created to address those consequences, the political, social and cultural life of today's and yesterday's African Americans. What affect did the Civil War have on African Americans in the United States? Were they, as some argued, better off before the Civil War, or do the advances that blacks have made since then proved that the Civil War was indeed the turning point in the lives and opportunities of African Americans? These questions and more will be addressed in the following pagesWhen slaves were purchased off the ships from Africa, they ended up on plantations. The size and location of landholdings depended on the crop and the owner who purchased the slave. Most plantations were of the smaller variety and it was rare for an owner to have more than 20 slaves. Most housed only a handful of slaves, but no matter what the numbe rs, plantation life was pretty much the same for most slaves. Slaves were usually divided into two groups, the gang crew (usually male and did the field work) and the task crew (usually female and worked in the "big house"). The workday began around sunrise and always ended before dark except at busy times such as harvest. Slaves were not worked after dark for a number of reasons. First, the owners feared that escape would be easier; second, working after dark was considered an unwarranted burden on the slave; lastly, they believed that it impeded efficiency by reducing the hours of sleep the slave received. This is not to say the slave owners were compassionate. They saw the slaves not as humans but a business investment and only wanted to protect that investment. Slaves were not required to work on Sunday, as it was denounced as irreligious and a flagrant violation of the slave's deserved day of rest. However, they worked every other day, rain or shine. A reasonable day' s work meant a daily chore that while not back-breaking required a brisk pace to finish. Although whites believed that slaves could neither do as much nor continue to work as long as whites, both crews worked anywhere from 12-14 hours a day, with an hour or so for lunch at midday.After a long day in the field or the master's house, slaves were allowed to return to their families, a family much differen... ... portion of the South Carolina low-country rice fields for the exclusive settlement of freed people. Each family would receive forty acres of land and the loan of mules from the army--the origin, perhaps, of the famous 'forty acres and a mule' idea that would soon capture the imagination of African Americans throughout the South" (Faragher, 514). In this arrangement, the sharecropper would work a given section of plantation land. At the end of the harvest season, the owner would give the worker his "share" of the crop. Unfortunately for the African Americans, this ideal arrangement almost never worked out as it was designed due to manipulation of the system by the owner. During the year, the owner provided the worker and his family with housing, as described earlier, food, clothing, and medical care. Then the owner would make the worker pay for these "services" using his part of the harvest. More often than not, the worker ended up with nothing. Also, the re was no system of verification for the worker. When the owner presented the worker with his share of the harvest, the worker had to take the word of the owner that it was the actual share agreed upon.

Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages

With China being a market of more than 1. 3 billion people, competition for this newly emerging market Is rich. The following brands are omitting In the Chinese market. 1. 3 National comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage propagated by the classical economist David Richard proposes that a country attractiveness to foreign investment is determined by its inherent natural factors such as land, natural resources, labor, and the size of the local population.Michael Porter's Diamond of National Advantage extends the theory to propose that a nation can create new advanced factor endowments such as skilled labor, a strong technology and knowledge base, government support, and ultra. Kicker uses Porter's model here to determine the national comparative advantage. 1. 3. 1 Factor conditions China can offer quality products because of its comparatively cheap labor. China has become the location of choice for global manufacturing. This is usually attributed to its low wages.Ch inese factory workers today earn 50 cents to $2 an hour and often work long shifts, getting minimal time off for weekends and holidays. [Prosperity, 2005] Competitive Labor: China's workers are not Just inexpensive but literate, hard irking, already reasonably skilled and desperate to be trained. There is also a sizable and growing cadre of university-educated technologists and professionals. For example, China is now graduating 330,000 engineers and scientists annually, as compared with 398,622 for the United States [Prosperity, 2005].Abundant resources: Apart from competent and cheap human resources, China also boasts of huge natural resources. All the raw materials required for producing Kicker are easily available in China at very competitive prices. 1. 3. 2 Demand Conditions The demand for car audio is increasing rapidly in China, as already noted in a previous chapter. The demand has increased steadily, however, not from Kicker's current target market, which is the higher inco me earning group.The demand for Kicker products will stagnate if it does not lower its price to suit the needs of the upcoming middle class group. Growing market populations: China offers a huge market population of 1. 3 billion people. As seen earlier, the middle class car purchasing group, which is Kicker's new target group, is increasing phenomenally wing to national growth. 1. 3. 3 Related and Supporting Industries Kicker sources most of its raw materials from China, who are suppliers of global standard raw materials.Kicker can benefit from the existence of its support industries in China. 1. 3. 4 Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry Kicker is not a single player in the market. This is good because the existence of competition ensures that there is sufficient motivation for product innovation. It also indicates that the demand for foreign car audio exists in the market and has the potential to expand. All the factors together indicate that the time is ripe for Kicker to begin i ts operations in China. . 3. 5 Government attitude towards FED / foreign firms The biggest advantage for China is its open policies on foreign direct investments. China is attracting multinational companies by improving relevant policies to attract multinationals to invest in China [China's Absorption of Foreign Investment, n. D. ]. The efforts are paying off well, as indicated earlier, the phenomenal increase of over 142% in foreign direct investment from 1999 to 2003.

Older People And Rehabilitation Health And Social Care Essay

The chosen articles for this assignment are articles written by Wallin, et Al ( 2006 ) published by The Journal of Ageing and Society. 27, 147-164 ; Cott, ( 2004 ) published by The Journal of Disability and Rehabilitation. 26. 24 pp1411-1422 ; Trappes-Lomax ( 2006 ) published by the Journal of Health and Social Care 14 ( 1 ) , 49-62 and Cunliffe et Al ( 2004 ) 33: pp246 -252. See appendix 1 Parahoo ( 2006 ) defines a literature reappraisal as an appraising study of information found in literature relate to a chosen capable country. These literature reappraisals are concerned with the significance ‘older people attach to their rehabilitation ‘ . The reappraisal describe, summarise, evaluate and clear up cardinal findings of available literatures. Rehabilitation is concerned with decreasing the impact of disenabling conditions. These are peculiarly common in older people and considerable wellness addition can be achieved by their successful rehabilitation. Physical rehabilitation in the context of long-run attention can better physical and mental province, and be of benefit to those with dementedness ( Forster, 2009 ) .Rationale for pick of subject:This subject country was chosen as it is felt that this is a topic that warrants more probe into its effectivity and the deduction it has on the lives of the aged people. With the altering population demographics, t here is an increasing age mortality which consequences in a greater figure of old people and although this age group is non the lone group affected by the inquiry of intending attached to rehabilitation but the increasing age tends to rise how it is related to the older people. In pursuit of updating the writer ‘s cognition in the significance of older peoples ‘ authorization in geriatric rehabilitation, a batch of literatures were reviewed. Extensive manual and electronic hunts of literatures were conducted for the intent of placing reappraisals and articles related specifically to the chosen subject. The undermentioned databases were searched: Cinahl, PubMed, Ovid, Cochrane library, Blackwell synergism, The Swetwise, the Journal of Aging and Society, the Journal of Disability and Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation, The Journal of Nursing Philosophy, Health and Social Care in the Community and a batch of books. Literatures were besides accessed from local libraries, nursing places intranet and the cyberspace. Search footings used include: older people ; frail aged ; long-run attention ; rehabilitation ; significance ; interview ; qualitative ; quality of life ; life satisfaction, cogency, and hunts were limited in English Language. Amongst the articles reviewed are: Client – centred rehabilitation: client positions ( Cott, 2004 ) ; Buying Time 1: a prospective, controlled test of a joint wellness / societal attention residential rehabilitation unit for older people on discharge from infirmary ( Trappes-Lomax, 2006 ) ; Rehabilitation and Older Peoples ( Wade, 2003 ) ; Sooner and Healthier: RCT and Interview survey of early discharge rehabilitation service for older people ( Cunliffe et al, 2004 ) . These chosen articles are of great involvement to the writer due to its subjective rating of the participants. From the writer ‘s personal experience and my engagement in the attention of the aged, most aged people perceived rehabilitation as control and as an act of containment. Cl ients ‘ position tantrums in with clients – centred attacks and some of the research highlighted client centeredness, in footings of determination devising. It is imperative for research to be critique in order to measure its scientific unity, that is placing strengthens and failings, the pertinence and transferability of it recommendations ( Cormack, 2000 ) . This assignment aims to critically measure scope of surveies / policy paperss surveies which examines â€Å" The Meaning Older People gives to their Rehabilitation Experience † . An effort will be made to analyze the cogency of the studies utilizing the faculty usher as a model which provide measure – measure attack utilizing systematic headers from the chosen articles aim to analyze the information. The rubric, abstract, writer, debut, methodological analysis, trying consequences, cultural issues will be critique. In all, it transferability will be discussed and decision drawn. Though, the rubric is concise and enlightening, it does non reflect vividly to the full aged population standby, since the mark ages were between 65 – 93 old ages but non all the older people. The rubric includes the cardinal word of the articles, since many retrieval systems depend on the rubric for seeking or indexing ( Denscombe, 2003 ) . The rubric attracts my attending to the country standby, its short words and has the research inquiry being inexplicit in it ( Hollaway and Wheeler, 2002 ) .About the Writers:A brief question into the writers ‘ background in respect to their academic, professional making and their experiences are of import to find, it worth as this can act upon the result or consequence of the survey ( Cormack, 2000 and Bell, 2005 ) . In the first article, Talvitie and Wallin are both with the Department of Health Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland ; Catta with the Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds University and some of her work will be referred to in this assignment Catta et Al ( 2003 ) . And Karppi is with Research Department, Social Insurance Institute of Finland ( SII ) , which funded the survey under review. Burns and Grove ( 2006 ) stated that a funded survey has to be reviewed and be recognised for it scientific and societal virtue by the organic structure funding it. However, working within the funded administration one can easy be influenced. The writers participated in the survey ( Polit et al, 2001 ) . However, their several makings were non provided in the article to find their credibleness in research ( Cormack, 2000 ) .Cott, C.A ( 2004 ) is of the Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Department of rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, Canada. Trappes-Lomax, et Al ( 2006 ) are all based within the Department of Public Health & A ; Epidemiology, University of Birmingham UK ; and Cunliffe and co-workers are all of the Department of Health, Determining the Future NHS, Long Term Planning for Hospital and Related Services, London.Reviews / Subjects:Many research workers ( Cormack, 2000 ; Burns and Grove, 2003 ) have insisted that debut should place the research purpose, the principle underpinning the statement of intent and importance of the survey. The general purpose of the articles was stated as to advance older people ‘s liberty and to heighten their ability to populate near independent lives which is important to nursing pattern. However, the writers in all the four articles failed to province the intent of their surveies explicitly in the debut. They have made mentions to assorted related plants established in the field standby ( Cormack, 2000 ) . The principle for any restraints such as the being and significance of a cognition spread, have been clearly stated. The subjects for article written by Wallin et Al ( 2007 ) is that the older grownup perceived rehabilitation as a agency of acquiring off normal life and basking themselves ; as sense of holiday and as a letdown because they had small opportunity to take part in the planning of the rehabilitation programme. The article by Cott ( 2004 ) findings was to show that client – centred rehabilitation embraces much more than end scene and determination devising between single clients and the professionals. The article by Cunlifte et Al, ( ( 2004 ) was to measure an early discharge and rehabilitation service for the older people. The reappraisal was presented as an built-in portion of the debut ( Denscombe, 2003 ) . Reviewing literature is to derive wide background apprehension of the capable affair to back up the research purpose and how the current survey was informed and built from old work ( Cormack, 2000 and Moore, 2006 ) . There is a superb indicant within the articles and the mention list a batch of primary and secondary beginnings of background reading have been done ( Berry, 2004 and Kumar, 2005 ) . The writers have built on the bing cognition by associating it to both recent and old publications on the topic in their literature reappraisal ( 1994-2006 ) ( Cutcliffe and Ward, 2003 ) . They were able to contrast the old plants on effects of institutionalisation and rehabilitation to older people. They have been influenced by past plants in the rehabilitation of the older people as physical recovery orientated instead than societal engagement, as it was the position and thought of some older people but non many surveies had been explored into the older people ‘s experiences and perceptual experience. They have been able to make more extended research on the range of the survey.Methodology:This is defined as the theory and analysis of how the survey should continue. It regulations the pick of method, the techniques or process used to garner and analyze informations ( Parahoo, 2006 ) .This involves roll uping informations of different signifiers from the same topics ( Porter, 2000 ) . Triangulation of different informations beginnings can besides help proof ( Parahoo, 2006 ) . By utilizing two different methods of research, the research workers may derive a different position of the subject under probe and the consequences from any one method can be confirmed, ( Couchman and Dawson, 1995 ) . Research workers need to be cognizant that utilizing both qualitative and quantitative attacks in the same survey will non needfully supply the whole image, findings may be contradictory. This can heighten apprehension of research methodological analysis and the phenomenon being surveies ( Parahoo, 2006 ) . Within the survey a qualitative method of research will let a focal point upon the position of the clients, ( Couchman and Dawson, 1996 ) . This will let their positions to be valued. Emphasis can so be placed upon significances, descriptions and experiences of the clients, ( Coolican, 1994 ) Qualitative research allows us to understand human behavior, by happening out the readings of events through the eyes of the participants instead than trusting on mensurating concrete facts. To cognize the significance of rehabilitation as per aged people, one should analyze it from the position of the persons ; hence qualitative attacks can be described as holistic instead than reductionist. Qualitative research chiefly concentrates on written words, or address, and aims to understand the motives and readings of people instead than explicating why something happens. It may be exercised where the research worker seeks a deeper truth, taking to do sense of or construe phenomena in footings of peo ple ‘s belief, attitudes, experiences, behavior and interactions which generate non- numerical informations ( Denzin, 2005 ) . A common attack in the qualitative research is phenomenological attack which focuses on depicting how the single experiences this development, ( Patton, 2002 ) . This appears to be appropriate for this survey as the purpose and aim of the survey was to obtain a deeper apprehension of older peoples ‘ significances, which could non hold been adequately be addressed as quantitative attack. In any instance, a little degree quantitative informations ( descriptive statistics ) was incorporated, in all the articles to back up the description the research workers were trying to explicate. A unfavorable judgment of utilizing the qualitative attack is that it is anecdotal, unscientific and produces findings that are non general ( Punch, 2000 ) .Sampling:Sampling is the procedure of choosing people or units from a population of involvement, so that by analy zing the sample, the research workers may reasonably generalize their consequences back to the population from which they were chosen. The research workers in this instance used a purposive method in enrolling clients which is a judgemental sample of persons chosen by certain pre-determined standards relevant to the research inquiry ( Robson, 2002 ) . This method is chiefly used when the research workers is seeking to lend to the apprehension of phenomena but non to generalizing the findings to the mark population and is hard to measure the preciseness of the research worker ‘s opinion, ( Parahoo, 2006 ) . This appears to be appropriate in this research since it has the possible to supply rich informations ( Morse, 1994 ) . Patton ( 1990 ) suggested that no guidelines exist for sample size in qualitative surveies, but the sample size was purposively recruited from the indiscriminately selected sample from the chief survey, which is really good for the survey, more informations will be collected before impregnation is reached and have three research workers to work on them ( Holloway and Wheeler, 2002 ) , the age scope ( between 65 and 93 ) , the figure of scenes ( 7 ) , the periods and the exclusion standards strategy, nevertheless they failed to warrant the standards ( Cormack, 2000 ) .Data Collection:The authors specified how the information for the survey was collected. Two semi- structured interviews were conducted for 15 to 45 proceedingss and 45 to about 2 hours in the scene and in the participants several places and audio tape were used. The acceptance of qualitative methodological analysis and the usage of semi-structured interviews allowed manner for cross checking so that incompatibilities in callback could be identified and probed ( Cutsliffe and Ward, 2003 ) . The semi-structured interviews are believable in this survey in the sense that the sources can be verbally be assisted to understand the inquiries and the interviewers can inquire any i nquiry for elucidations, investigation further for responses every bit good as being able to detect organic structure linguistic communication, which can non be gained when utilizing questionnaires ( Munhall, 2001 ) . However, by interview, it can non be guaranteed that interviewees are being honest as they may non understand the inquiry or they may falsify the truth or withhold critical information and face to confront interviews may compromise the namelessness of the interviewees ( Parahoo, 2006 ) . However, one to one interviews, usage of tape recording can be utile to look into the original diction of any statement one might desire to cite, or maintain to do certain that what one ‘s write is accurate, it helps if one is trying any signifier of content analysis and demand to listen several times in order to place classs and allows one to code, summarise and to observe a peculiar remark ( Bell, 2005 ) . Audio taped information enhances dependability and writer triangulation adopted for cogency ( Burns and Grove, 2005 ) . The notes taken and short diary kept during the interviews guarantee trustiness and supply accurate representations of the participants ‘ experiences such as gestures and facial look. The brooding journal maintained throughout the survey shows clearly their ideas, engagement in the informations and reading of the informations. The six months interval between the interviews may assist to retest any theories developed in the composing up phase ( Cormack, 2000 ) . The writers nevertheless failed to advert any interruptions during the interview, since it is ethically appropriate for this client group ( Holloway and Wheeler, 2002 ) . They every bit failed to enter any restrictions such as reflexiveness that might hold influenced the procedure of the informations aggregation. Reflexivity is a uninterrupted procedure of contemplation by research workers of how their ain values, behavior, perceptual experiences or presence and those of the respondents may impact the information they collect ( Parahoo, 2006 ) . In the absence of statistical trials for cogency and dependability, this kind of reflexiveness is important to qualitative survey if it is to be persuasive ( Cormack, 2000 ) . The writers gave a brief description of the guiding subjects and some of the specific inquiries that were asked, provided the informa tion for the survey, but they failed to advert any inquiries that appeared uncomfortable to reply by the interviewees and they failed to bespeak their single functions within the survey.Ethical motives:Though, qualitative research is non physically invasive but it may ensue in an invasion of the head of the participants ( Bryman, 2005 ) . The articles were approved by their several ethical commissions. The written text of the interview informations amongst themselves ensures the namelessness of the clients ( Sullivan, 1998 ) . An informed consent is an on-going procedure in a qualitative survey but the authors of the articles failed to recognize this and kept silent of the older people who were or may non be competent to subscribe their ain signifiers ( Denscombe, 2003 ) . There was no record of obtaining permission before entering the interviews and what would be done to the informations after the written text.Datas Analysis:The procedure of analyzing informations in qualitative re search is ongoing, get downing during informations aggregation, with the research worker processing informations and doing opinions about facets of it, as it is received ( Parahoo, 2006 ) . Once all informations from the taped interviews has been collected, it will be transcribed, which will take about three times every bit long as each interview ( Couchman and Dawson, 1995 ) . The consequences were represented in a clear, elaborate description and in simple linguistic communication which makes the text easy to read and understood ( Ogier, 1999 ) . A consideration associating to rigour is credibleness ; the writers returned the interview reading back to the participants so that they can look into for any disagreement ( May and Hope, 2000 ) . It appears that the writers adapted equal strict techniques in the analysis. The usage of writer triangulations enhances cogency, and direct citations, when showing deepness and acknowledgment of single experiences. The identified subjects and a pplicable citations by and large provide a clear image of how the subjects emerged from the informations. They explained the cryptography ( Polit et al, 2001 ) , which makes it easier for the readers to measure the cogency of the emergent subjects based on the quality and measure of citations provided. Bringing citations from clients, therefore let the reader to carry on his ain significance of the look to the participants. It will besides assist the readers of the research, who may non understand clearly the purpose, nonsubjective and procedure of the research, and to judge its truth and pertinence consequently. In any instance, they fail to advert the model used in the cryptography and the analysis. The cardinal findings that came out from the saturated subjects shows that the clients have different and changing demands and outlooks of rehabilitation programme, which were categorized into three. They were – the sense of assurance with mundane life ; which they perceived as facilitating mundane life at place ; as sense of holiday ; and it was besides seen as a agency of acquiring off from normal life and basking themselves and eventually as a sense of letdown and defeat with the limited chances to take part in the planning of their rehabilitation programme. There was no proper integrating of the participants since they were grouped on conformity to their geographical beginnings during most of the periods. And they failed to advert any consequence of the abrasion on the consequence.Discussion:The authors have addressed the research as set out at the beginning of the research about their treatments, findings and the important of the survey have been a sense of assurance with mundane life ; ‘ a sense of holiday ‘ and a sense of letdown. The result of the survey was besides compared with that of the old plants of the literature such as Hinck, 2004 ; Cattan et Al, 2005 in the literature reappraisal. They acknowledged a mistake in their sampling and have suggested a comparative survey of sub-geriatric clients in order to light the contract ( Cormack, 2000 ) . A recommendation was made about advancing a patient – centred and partnership in attention, which entails a holistic attack. However, the suggestion made by the writers about professional communicating accomplishments can non be justified within the context of their research, since there were no professionals incorporated in their survey. However, safeguard has to be taken, if these findings are to be replicated across the brotherhood, since significances to a phenomenon alterations with permeating cultural and sub-cultures ( Hammersley, 1992 ) and it is improbable that older people in Finland have the same civilization to older people in United Kingdom ( UK ) . Transfering the findings to UK will hold different impact due to different wellness attention system such as the function of permeant and perceived institutionalized engagement, different professional regulative organic structures and discrepancy in the instruction and preparation, and the function of mental wellness professionals. The overpowering feeling from the positions reported in UK is that rehabilitation scenes are driven by an property of control and containment instead than authorization ( Parry-Crooke, 1999 ) . In the article by Cunliffe et Al ( 2004 ) it was shown that rehabilitation improves the degrees of activity and the psychological wellbeing of the aged. That individual – centred manner of attention helps to better the result of older people ‘s deficiency of assurance, and may take to better wellness results. All the articles have demonstrated that there is demand for rehabilitation for these client group.Decision:It can be seen that the purpose of this literature reappraisal has been achieved in researching the significance of rehabilitation to the aged people. The survey reveals that different people attach different significance to rehabilitation. It has brought an interesting cognition into pattern ; an consciousness of the participants holding changing significances to it concept. Promotion of older peoples ‘ liberty in the community entails a holistic attack which should hold included sociological issues and the scenes should hold been in the clients ‘ places. An empowerment attack appears to be preferred to medical attack adopted. Though, the overall findings has been biased toward reasonably fit older people, who were get bying at place with a degree of support, the age differences besides might convey approximately different wellness issues, such as mental wellness. Furthermore, clients were non given pick to organize groups during Sessionss, and the groupings were biased towards geographical beginnings. However, the recommendations made – patient – centred and partnership in attention are of great importance. In the NMC ‘s codification of professional behavior ( 2004 ) , great accent is placed on the duty nurses have in guaranting that clients possess the best up – to – day of the month grounds based cognition and accomplishments to present attention possible. Therefore, improved cognition through instruction and research will be the footing of grounds based practiced for alteration and betterment.MentionBell, J. ( 2005 ) Making Your Research Undertaking. A usher for first clip Researchers in Education and Social Sciences. Buckingham: Open University Press Bryman, A. ( 2005 ) Social Research Methods Oxford: Oxford University Press Nathan birnbaums, N. and Grove, S. ( 2006 ) Understanding Nursing Research. Philadelphia: Saunders Nathan birnbaums, N. and Grove, S. ( 2005 ) The Practice of Nursing Research Conduct Critique and Utilization. Philadelphia: Saunders Coolican, H. ( 1994 ) Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology. Great Britain: Hodder and Stoughton Cormack, D. ( 2002 ) The Research Process in Nursing. 4th erectile dysfunction. Oxford: Blackwell Science Couchman, W. and Dawson, J. ( 1995 ) Nursing and Health Care Research. London: Bailliere Tindall Denscombe, M. ( 2003 ) The Research Guide for little – graduated table Research Project. Buckingham: Open University Forster, A. ; Lambly, R. And Handy, J. ( 2009 ) Rehabilitation for Older Peoples in Long Care: Cochrane database of Systematic Review. Hek, G. , Judd, M. and Moule, P. ( 2002 ) Making Sense of Research: An debut for Nurses. 2nd erectile dysfunction. London: Cassell Holloway, I. and Wheeler, S. ( 2002 ) Qualitative Research for Nurses. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Oxford: Blackwell Science Kumar, R. ( 2005 ) Research Methodology. A Measure by Step Guide for Beginners. London: Sage Publication Munhall, P. ( 2001 ) Institutional reappraisal of qualitative research proposals: a undertaking of no little effects. In Morse, J.M. Qualitative Nursing Research: A modern-day Dialoque. London: Sage Publication Ogier, M. ( 1999 ) Reading Research. London: Bailliere Tindall Parahoo, K. ( 2006 ) Nursing Research Principles, Process and Issues. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Hampshire, England: Palgrave Macmillian Parry-Crooke, ( 1999 ) Consultation with Women in High Secure Settings: Preliminary Findingss. London: University of North London. Patton, M ( 2002 ) Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. Newburgh Park: Sage Publication Patton, M. ( 1990 ) Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. Newburge Park: Sage publication Polit, D. and Hungler, B. ( 2001 ) Nursing Research Principles and Methods. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Porter, S. ( 2000 ) Qualitative Research. I Cormack, D. The Research Process in Nursing: London: Blackwell Science Punch, K. ( 2000 ) Developing Effective Research Proposals. London: Sage Publication Robson, C. ( 2002 ) Real World Research. A resource for Social Scientists and Practitioners. Oxford: Blackwell