Free Essays on Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Massachusetts Bay Company was formed by a group of non-Separatist Puritans who was being persecuted for their beliefs in England. The charter was brought along with the colonists, and was used as a constitution. The immigrants from England set sail on eleven ships in 1630 to the shores of Massachusetts. The Bay Colony’s first governor, John Winthrop, was an affluent Englishman who believed that a God had propelled him to lead the new colony. The skills of Winthrop facilitated the prosperity of Massachusetts. Fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding industries boomed, as the Bay Colony quickly became the most dominant of the New England colonies. The Puritans believed that they had created a safe haven for freedom, but in truth, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was hypocritical in its religious, social, and political foundations. One of the main reasons the Puritans escaped to America was for religious freedom. It would be sensible for the Puritans to allow religious freedom in their fledgling colony, but the conflicts were inevitable. The Quakers, who ignored the Puritan authority, were persecuted with fines, floggings, and evictions. Anne Hutchinson challenged the Puritan clergy with unorthodox views. She claimed that people did not need to obey the laws of God in order to be saved. This was considered high heresy in the Puritan colony. Hutchinson committed another sacrilege at her trial, when she testified that her beliefs had come through God. The Puritans had little choice but to expel her, for she would contaminate the religious purity of the Bay Colony if she were allowed to stay. Another threat to the Puritans was a minister, Roger Williams. He demanded that the colony break from the Church of England and opposed the power of government to control religious behavior. The outraged Puritans planned to ship Williams off to England, but he fled to the Rhode Island area in 1636, where he established the first Baptist church in Ameri... Free Essays on Massachusetts Bay Colony Free Essays on Massachusetts Bay Colony The Massachusetts Bay Company was formed by a group of non-Separatist Puritans who was being persecuted for their beliefs in England. The charter was brought along with the colonists, and was used as a constitution. The immigrants from England set sail on eleven ships in 1630 to the shores of Massachusetts. The Bay Colony’s first governor, John Winthrop, was an affluent Englishman who believed that a God had propelled him to lead the new colony. The skills of Winthrop facilitated the prosperity of Massachusetts. Fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding industries boomed, as the Bay Colony quickly became the most dominant of the New England colonies. The Puritans believed that they had created a safe haven for freedom, but in truth, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was hypocritical in its religious, social, and political foundations. One of the main reasons the Puritans escaped to America was for religious freedom. It would be sensible for the Puritans to allow religious freedom in their fledgling colony, but the conflicts were inevitable. The Quakers, who ignored the Puritan authority, were persecuted with fines, floggings, and evictions. Anne Hutchinson challenged the Puritan clergy with unorthodox views. She claimed that people did not need to obey the laws of God in order to be saved. This was considered high heresy in the Puritan colony. Hutchinson committed another sacrilege at her trial, when she testified that her beliefs had come through God. The Puritans had little choice but to expel her, for she would contaminate the religious purity of the Bay Colony if she were allowed to stay. Another threat to the Puritans was a minister, Roger Williams. He demanded that the colony break from the Church of England and opposed the power of government to control religious behavior. The outraged Puritans planned to ship Williams off to England, but he fled to the Rhode Island area in 1636, where he established the first Baptist church in Ameri...

The Function and Location of the Brainstem

The Function and Location of the Brainstem The brainstem is the region of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and the pons. Motor and sensory neurons travel through the brainstem allowing for the relay of signals between the brain and the spinal cord. Most  cranial nerves  are found in the brainstem. The brainstem coordinates motor control signals sent from the ​brain to the body. This brain region also controls life supporting autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system. The fourth cerebral ventricle is located in the brainstem, posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata. This  cerebrospinal fluid-filled ventricle is continuous with the cerebral aqueduct and the central canal of the spinal cord. Function In addition to linking the cerebrum and spinal cord, the brainstem also connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum. The cerebellum is important for regulating functions such as movement coordination, balance, equilibrium, and muscle tone. It is positioned above the brainstem and beneath the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex. Nerve tracts traveling through the brainstem relay signals from the cerebellum to areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in motor control. This allows for the coordination of fine motor movements needed for activities such as walking or playing video games. The brainstem also controls several important functions of the body including: AlertnessArousalBreathingBlood pressure controlDigestionHeart rateOther autonomic functionsRelays information between the peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the upper parts of the brain Location Directionally, the brainstem is located at the juncture of the cerebrum and the spinal column. It is anterior to the cerebellum. Brainstem Structures The brainstem is composed of the midbrain and portions of the hindbrain, specifically the pons and medulla. A major function of the midbrain is to connect the three major brain divisions: forebrain, midbrain, and  hindbrain. Major structures of the midbrain include the tectum and cerebral peduncle. The tectum is composed of rounded bulges of brain matter that are involved in visual and auditory reflexes. The cerebral peduncle consists of large bundles of nerve fiber tracts that connect the forebrain to the hindbrain. The hindbrain is composed of two subregions known as the metencephalon and myelencephalon. The metencephalon is composed of the pons and cerebellum. The pons assists in the regulation  of breathing, as well as states of sleep and arousal. The cerebellum relays information between muscles and the  brain. The myelencephalon consists of the medulla oblongata and functions to connect the spinal cord with higher brain regions. The medulla also helps to regulate autonomic functions, such as breathing and blood pressure. Brainstem Injury Injury to the brainstem caused by trauma or stroke can lead to difficulties with mobility and movement coordination. Activities such as walking, writing, and eating become difficult and the individual may require life-long treatment. Stroke that occurs in the brainstem causes the destruction of brain tissue that is needed for the direction of vital body functions such as respiration, heart rhythm, and swallowing. A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is disrupted, most commonly by a blood clot. When the brainstem is damaged, signals between the brain and the rest of the body are disrupted. Brainstem stroke can cause problems with breathing, heart rate, hearing, and speech. It may also cause paralysis of the arms and legs, as well as numbness in the body or on one side of the body. Sources Murphy, Andrew. Brainstem. Dr. Jeremy Jones, Radiopaedia, 2005. Pietrangelo, Ann. Brain Stem Stroke. Healthline, May 23, 2018.

Google's Organizational Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Google's Organizational Culture - Essay Example As the paper stresses HRM and leadership are thought to be the organizational sectors that have involved more in the development of Google through the years. However, in case of Google the existence of a HR strategy cannot be considered as the only reason for the success of the firm. In fact, it seems that most organizational policies (also those related with the firm’s HR department) have been appropriately designed and implemented throughout the particular organization. The terms of the HR policy applied by Google can be viewed as included in a general scheme in which ‘a stable income base is provided with more equal and annually increasing monthly wages, while competitive incentives for better performance are offered in the form of more drastically varied biannual bonuses’. Generally, it could be stated that apart from leadership, a significant factor towards the success of Google has been its employees. In this context, in order to evaluate the success of the firm either in the short and the long term, we should examine the performance of its employees. Indeed, the study of Ramlall   led to the conclusion that ‘it is only through performance measuring that one can really articulate the benefits of HR strategies in achieving the organizations business strategy and in the process enhance the credibility of the HR profession’. The importance of employees for the success of the business is also supported by Lawler et al.   who noticed that ‘the greatest benefits occur when HR is a strategic business partner that fully participates in both the development and implementation of strategy’. In other words, only in firms where the HR strategies have a primary position in the firms’ daily operation the growth of the specific businesses can be expected to be high.  

The Recent and Current Global Financial Crisis Essay - 1

The Recent and Current Global Financial Crisis - Essay Example This view has recently been confirmed by an IMF report (2011), that financial crises usually follow "credit or asset price bubbles" (IMF, p. 6). Moshirian (2010) has found that the inability of national regulatory bodies to respond adequately to a global market that has become increasingly interdependent has left these bodies unable to control regulatory arbitrage and the international movement of toxic assets (p. 504). In a way of confirming these last two perspectives Longstaff (2008) has found that lower movements in the ABX Index of credit-default swaps did cause financial contagion in other financial markets. This report will show how in the US, deregulation did serve to encourage market liquidity that could have advantaged banks and homeowners. The report will explain how the lack of appropriate regulation in the financial markets led to both a real estate bubble and the global financial crisis that reached the UK and world markets. Â  Since the Great Depression, the American government has initiated programs that encouraged homeownership for the average citizen while at the same time promoting and ensuring savings, as assets in banking institutions, that could be used to pay for mortgages. Following World War II there occurred several rounds of deregulation policy expressed through the passage of US federal acts that eventually, though not intentionally, allowed banks to collateralize the assets and to use them, as investment banks, to participate directly in the secondary financial markets. Deregulation was originally intended to finance supply with more liquidity of resources in order to meet an increasing demand in the real estate market.

Prevention of teen pregnancy Essay Example for Free

Prevention of teen pregnancy Essay Explain the level of prevention with teen pregnancy (can choose your own level out of the three levels).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teenage pregnancy has been a major problem not only in the developed world but also recently in the developing nations.   In the US and Canada, due to the increased awareness amongst teenagers, the prevalence of teenage pregnancies is decreasing.   However, in several developing nations, the incidence of teenage pregnancies is on the rise.   In the year 1999, it was found that about 97 teenagers out of every 1000 between the ages of 15 to 19 years were pregnant and about 80 % of them were not desired.    Before the age of 18 years, 80 % of the teenage girls have sex.   The age of menarche has also dropped to 12 to 13 years (Weiss, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teenage pregnancies may not be intended for social reasons but due to other including medical and psychological.   The chances of the girl to have a miscarriage, abortion, stillborn baby, etc, are reasonable higher.   These girls are usually the ones who belong to the lower socioeconomic groups and the chances of living in poverty are realistically higher.   The financial burden on the woman would also increase, as she would now have to leave her studies and pick up some job in order to support her child.   Children born from a teen mother are frequently underweight and are at a high risk of developing health problems.   Due to a number of causes, it is always preferred that teenage pregnancies are prevented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are three different levels of prevention when it comes to teenage pregnancies.   These include primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention.   Primary prevention includes measures to prevent pregnancies through physical or other methods.   These include use of contraceptive pills, condoms, etc.   This helps to reduce minimize the risk of getting pregnant.   Secondary prevention includes checkups, scans, etc, to ensure that the girl does not get pregnant.   This is usually followed if primary prevention is not enabled.   Tertiary prevention of includes taking measures to prevent any further pregnancies after one has already occurred in the teenage girls.   The best level of prevention would be primary prevention (Connelly Inui, 2004).  Ã‚               How might this specific level of prevention be addressed in a community experiencing an increase in family violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several measures which need to be adopted for primary prevention of teenage pregnancies.   These include health education, sex education, school and college based programs, health services, use of condoms, use of contraceptives (birth control pills), etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the teen pregnancy prevention program several people belonging to the community should be involved including the teenagers, parents, teachers, legislatures, administrators, professionals, media, medical professionals, School authorities, etc.   It is important that the entire community be involved in the program, as teenage pregnancy is a multi-faceted issue.   People are advised to develop responsible health attitudes, behavior and practices regarding teenage pregnancy.  Ã‚   The program should be much more than just offering health services and counselling services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The program should take place at several places including schools, colleges, health centers, public health centers, community discussions, etc.   The targets of such programs should be more realistic and achievable.   Both the boy and girl should actively take part in such programs.   At all stages, it is very important that the family and the parents are involved.   Besides, resources and materials such as condoms, birth control pills, education material, counselling services, etc, should be provided.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the teenage pregnancy prevention program, multiple agencies should be involved.   In the planning and implementation of the program, teenagers themselves should be involved.   The parents should educate and create awareness in their children about sex and pregnancy during the childhood stage itself.   Hence, involvement of the parents is also required.   Mobile services would also help to create awareness in rural and far-flung areas.   The trust should be in creating increased levels of confidence, self-esteem and decision-making amongst teenagers.   Teenagers should also be educated about drug abuse and alcohol abuse.   Drug abuse can affect judgment, which can lead to irresponsible sex behavior. Explain why a comprehensive health program should address all three levels of prevention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teenage pregnancy programs need to address all the levels of prevention, as focusing on one single level of prevention and ignoring others would create bias and negative attitudes of the community to those girls who have already become pregnant.   As the rates of teenage pregnancy are reasonable high and a significant number of girls become pregnant during the teenage period, there are high chances that they would lead a miserable life.   This may make it all that more difficult to enable the process of primary prevention.   Several facilities such as health education, medical services for the mother and the child, housing, financial support, nursing homes, counselling, etc, need to be provided.   It is important that teenagers who become pregnant be given all the care and love during the pregnancy period and not be driven out of the house.   Pregnant girls should also be given counselling services as they would not know much of the manner in which their healthcare needs have to be met.   They should be specifically warned about drug abuse and smoking during this period. The focus should be on ensuring that the mother and child are healthy and do not suffer.   During the pregnancy period, the young father should be supportive of the girl.   The young mother should also be educated about the manner in which abuse and neglect need to be tackled. References: Connelly, M. T. Inui, T. S. (2004). â€Å"Principles of Disease Prevention.† In: Braunwald, E., Fauci, A. S., Kasper, D. L., Hauser, S. L., Longo, D. L. and Jameson, J.L. (Eds) Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, New York: McGraw-Hill. Huberman, B. (2005). â€Å"National Teen Pregnancy Prevention Month (NTPPM) Planning Guidebook.† Retrieved on December 9, 2007, from Advocates of Youth Web site. Ontarios Maternal, Newborn and Early Child Development Resource Centre and the Sex Information and Education Council of Canada (2007). â€Å"Update report on Teen pregnancy prevention.† Retrieved on December 9, 2007, from OMNECD Web site: SHPPS (2006). â€Å"Pregnancy Prevention.† Retrieved on December 9, 2007, from SHPPS Web site. Weiss, D. (2006). â€Å"Reducing Teenage Pregnancy.† Retrieved on December 9, 2007, from Planned Parenthood Web site: http://www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policy-issues/teen-pregnancy-sex-education/teenage-pregnancy-6240.htm

blacks in civil war Essay -- essays research papers

Slavery was abolished in this country over a hundred years ago but the consequences of this dark page in America's history are felt even today. This site was created to address those consequences, the political, social and cultural life of today's and yesterday's African Americans. What affect did the Civil War have on African Americans in the United States? Were they, as some argued, better off before the Civil War, or do the advances that blacks have made since then proved that the Civil War was indeed the turning point in the lives and opportunities of African Americans? These questions and more will be addressed in the following pagesWhen slaves were purchased off the ships from Africa, they ended up on plantations. The size and location of landholdings depended on the crop and the owner who purchased the slave. Most plantations were of the smaller variety and it was rare for an owner to have more than 20 slaves. Most housed only a handful of slaves, but no matter what the numbe rs, plantation life was pretty much the same for most slaves. Slaves were usually divided into two groups, the gang crew (usually male and did the field work) and the task crew (usually female and worked in the "big house"). The workday began around sunrise and always ended before dark except at busy times such as harvest. Slaves were not worked after dark for a number of reasons. First, the owners feared that escape would be easier; second, working after dark was considered an unwarranted burden on the slave; lastly, they believed that it impeded efficiency by reducing the hours of sleep the slave received. This is not to say the slave owners were compassionate. They saw the slaves not as humans but a business investment and only wanted to protect that investment. Slaves were not required to work on Sunday, as it was denounced as irreligious and a flagrant violation of the slave's deserved day of rest. However, they worked every other day, rain or shine. A reasonable day' s work meant a daily chore that while not back-breaking required a brisk pace to finish. Although whites believed that slaves could neither do as much nor continue to work as long as whites, both crews worked anywhere from 12-14 hours a day, with an hour or so for lunch at midday.After a long day in the field or the master's house, slaves were allowed to return to their families, a family much differen... ... portion of the South Carolina low-country rice fields for the exclusive settlement of freed people. Each family would receive forty acres of land and the loan of mules from the army--the origin, perhaps, of the famous 'forty acres and a mule' idea that would soon capture the imagination of African Americans throughout the South" (Faragher, 514). In this arrangement, the sharecropper would work a given section of plantation land. At the end of the harvest season, the owner would give the worker his "share" of the crop. Unfortunately for the African Americans, this ideal arrangement almost never worked out as it was designed due to manipulation of the system by the owner. During the year, the owner provided the worker and his family with housing, as described earlier, food, clothing, and medical care. Then the owner would make the worker pay for these "services" using his part of the harvest. More often than not, the worker ended up with nothing. Also, the re was no system of verification for the worker. When the owner presented the worker with his share of the harvest, the worker had to take the word of the owner that it was the actual share agreed upon. blacks in civil war Essay -- essays research papers Slavery was abolished in this country over a hundred years ago but the consequences of this dark page in America's history are felt even today. This site was created to address those consequences, the political, social and cultural life of today's and yesterday's African Americans. What affect did the Civil War have on African Americans in the United States? Were they, as some argued, better off before the Civil War, or do the advances that blacks have made since then proved that the Civil War was indeed the turning point in the lives and opportunities of African Americans? These questions and more will be addressed in the following pagesWhen slaves were purchased off the ships from Africa, they ended up on plantations. The size and location of landholdings depended on the crop and the owner who purchased the slave. Most plantations were of the smaller variety and it was rare for an owner to have more than 20 slaves. Most housed only a handful of slaves, but no matter what the numbe rs, plantation life was pretty much the same for most slaves. Slaves were usually divided into two groups, the gang crew (usually male and did the field work) and the task crew (usually female and worked in the "big house"). The workday began around sunrise and always ended before dark except at busy times such as harvest. Slaves were not worked after dark for a number of reasons. First, the owners feared that escape would be easier; second, working after dark was considered an unwarranted burden on the slave; lastly, they believed that it impeded efficiency by reducing the hours of sleep the slave received. This is not to say the slave owners were compassionate. They saw the slaves not as humans but a business investment and only wanted to protect that investment. Slaves were not required to work on Sunday, as it was denounced as irreligious and a flagrant violation of the slave's deserved day of rest. However, they worked every other day, rain or shine. A reasonable day' s work meant a daily chore that while not back-breaking required a brisk pace to finish. Although whites believed that slaves could neither do as much nor continue to work as long as whites, both crews worked anywhere from 12-14 hours a day, with an hour or so for lunch at midday.After a long day in the field or the master's house, slaves were allowed to return to their families, a family much differen... ... portion of the South Carolina low-country rice fields for the exclusive settlement of freed people. Each family would receive forty acres of land and the loan of mules from the army--the origin, perhaps, of the famous 'forty acres and a mule' idea that would soon capture the imagination of African Americans throughout the South" (Faragher, 514). In this arrangement, the sharecropper would work a given section of plantation land. At the end of the harvest season, the owner would give the worker his "share" of the crop. Unfortunately for the African Americans, this ideal arrangement almost never worked out as it was designed due to manipulation of the system by the owner. During the year, the owner provided the worker and his family with housing, as described earlier, food, clothing, and medical care. Then the owner would make the worker pay for these "services" using his part of the harvest. More often than not, the worker ended up with nothing. Also, the re was no system of verification for the worker. When the owner presented the worker with his share of the harvest, the worker had to take the word of the owner that it was the actual share agreed upon.

Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages

With China being a market of more than 1. 3 billion people, competition for this newly emerging market Is rich. The following brands are omitting In the Chinese market. 1. 3 National comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage propagated by the classical economist David Richard proposes that a country attractiveness to foreign investment is determined by its inherent natural factors such as land, natural resources, labor, and the size of the local population.Michael Porter's Diamond of National Advantage extends the theory to propose that a nation can create new advanced factor endowments such as skilled labor, a strong technology and knowledge base, government support, and ultra. Kicker uses Porter's model here to determine the national comparative advantage. 1. 3. 1 Factor conditions China can offer quality products because of its comparatively cheap labor. China has become the location of choice for global manufacturing. This is usually attributed to its low wages.Ch inese factory workers today earn 50 cents to $2 an hour and often work long shifts, getting minimal time off for weekends and holidays. [Prosperity, 2005] Competitive Labor: China's workers are not Just inexpensive but literate, hard irking, already reasonably skilled and desperate to be trained. There is also a sizable and growing cadre of university-educated technologists and professionals. For example, China is now graduating 330,000 engineers and scientists annually, as compared with 398,622 for the United States [Prosperity, 2005].Abundant resources: Apart from competent and cheap human resources, China also boasts of huge natural resources. All the raw materials required for producing Kicker are easily available in China at very competitive prices. 1. 3. 2 Demand Conditions The demand for car audio is increasing rapidly in China, as already noted in a previous chapter. The demand has increased steadily, however, not from Kicker's current target market, which is the higher inco me earning group.The demand for Kicker products will stagnate if it does not lower its price to suit the needs of the upcoming middle class group. Growing market populations: China offers a huge market population of 1. 3 billion people. As seen earlier, the middle class car purchasing group, which is Kicker's new target group, is increasing phenomenally wing to national growth. 1. 3. 3 Related and Supporting Industries Kicker sources most of its raw materials from China, who are suppliers of global standard raw materials.Kicker can benefit from the existence of its support industries in China. 1. 3. 4 Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry Kicker is not a single player in the market. This is good because the existence of competition ensures that there is sufficient motivation for product innovation. It also indicates that the demand for foreign car audio exists in the market and has the potential to expand. All the factors together indicate that the time is ripe for Kicker to begin i ts operations in China. . 3. 5 Government attitude towards FED / foreign firms The biggest advantage for China is its open policies on foreign direct investments. China is attracting multinational companies by improving relevant policies to attract multinationals to invest in China [China's Absorption of Foreign Investment, n. D. ]. The efforts are paying off well, as indicated earlier, the phenomenal increase of over 142% in foreign direct investment from 1999 to 2003.

Older People And Rehabilitation Health And Social Care Essay

The chosen articles for this assignment are articles written by Wallin, et Al ( 2006 ) published by The Journal of Ageing and Society. 27, 147-164 ; Cott, ( 2004 ) published by The Journal of Disability and Rehabilitation. 26. 24 pp1411-1422 ; Trappes-Lomax ( 2006 ) published by the Journal of Health and Social Care 14 ( 1 ) , 49-62 and Cunliffe et Al ( 2004 ) 33: pp246 -252. See appendix 1 Parahoo ( 2006 ) defines a literature reappraisal as an appraising study of information found in literature relate to a chosen capable country. These literature reappraisals are concerned with the significance ‘older people attach to their rehabilitation ‘ . The reappraisal describe, summarise, evaluate and clear up cardinal findings of available literatures. Rehabilitation is concerned with decreasing the impact of disenabling conditions. These are peculiarly common in older people and considerable wellness addition can be achieved by their successful rehabilitation. Physical rehabilitation in the context of long-run attention can better physical and mental province, and be of benefit to those with dementedness ( Forster, 2009 ) .Rationale for pick of subject:This subject country was chosen as it is felt that this is a topic that warrants more probe into its effectivity and the deduction it has on the lives of the aged people. With the altering population demographics, t here is an increasing age mortality which consequences in a greater figure of old people and although this age group is non the lone group affected by the inquiry of intending attached to rehabilitation but the increasing age tends to rise how it is related to the older people. In pursuit of updating the writer ‘s cognition in the significance of older peoples ‘ authorization in geriatric rehabilitation, a batch of literatures were reviewed. Extensive manual and electronic hunts of literatures were conducted for the intent of placing reappraisals and articles related specifically to the chosen subject. The undermentioned databases were searched: Cinahl, PubMed, Ovid, Cochrane library, Blackwell synergism, The Swetwise, the Journal of Aging and Society, the Journal of Disability and Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation, The Journal of Nursing Philosophy, Health and Social Care in the Community and a batch of books. Literatures were besides accessed from local libraries, nursing places intranet and the cyberspace. Search footings used include: older people ; frail aged ; long-run attention ; rehabilitation ; significance ; interview ; qualitative ; quality of life ; life satisfaction, cogency, and hunts were limited in English Language. Amongst the articles reviewed are: Client – centred rehabilitation: client positions ( Cott, 2004 ) ; Buying Time 1: a prospective, controlled test of a joint wellness / societal attention residential rehabilitation unit for older people on discharge from infirmary ( Trappes-Lomax, 2006 ) ; Rehabilitation and Older Peoples ( Wade, 2003 ) ; Sooner and Healthier: RCT and Interview survey of early discharge rehabilitation service for older people ( Cunliffe et al, 2004 ) . These chosen articles are of great involvement to the writer due to its subjective rating of the participants. From the writer ‘s personal experience and my engagement in the attention of the aged, most aged people perceived rehabilitation as control and as an act of containment. Cl ients ‘ position tantrums in with clients – centred attacks and some of the research highlighted client centeredness, in footings of determination devising. It is imperative for research to be critique in order to measure its scientific unity, that is placing strengthens and failings, the pertinence and transferability of it recommendations ( Cormack, 2000 ) . This assignment aims to critically measure scope of surveies / policy paperss surveies which examines â€Å" The Meaning Older People gives to their Rehabilitation Experience † . An effort will be made to analyze the cogency of the studies utilizing the faculty usher as a model which provide measure – measure attack utilizing systematic headers from the chosen articles aim to analyze the information. The rubric, abstract, writer, debut, methodological analysis, trying consequences, cultural issues will be critique. In all, it transferability will be discussed and decision drawn. Though, the rubric is concise and enlightening, it does non reflect vividly to the full aged population standby, since the mark ages were between 65 – 93 old ages but non all the older people. The rubric includes the cardinal word of the articles, since many retrieval systems depend on the rubric for seeking or indexing ( Denscombe, 2003 ) . The rubric attracts my attending to the country standby, its short words and has the research inquiry being inexplicit in it ( Hollaway and Wheeler, 2002 ) .About the Writers:A brief question into the writers ‘ background in respect to their academic, professional making and their experiences are of import to find, it worth as this can act upon the result or consequence of the survey ( Cormack, 2000 and Bell, 2005 ) . In the first article, Talvitie and Wallin are both with the Department of Health Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland ; Catta with the Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds University and some of her work will be referred to in this assignment Catta et Al ( 2003 ) . And Karppi is with Research Department, Social Insurance Institute of Finland ( SII ) , which funded the survey under review. Burns and Grove ( 2006 ) stated that a funded survey has to be reviewed and be recognised for it scientific and societal virtue by the organic structure funding it. However, working within the funded administration one can easy be influenced. The writers participated in the survey ( Polit et al, 2001 ) . However, their several makings were non provided in the article to find their credibleness in research ( Cormack, 2000 ) .Cott, C.A ( 2004 ) is of the Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Department of rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, Canada. Trappes-Lomax, et Al ( 2006 ) are all based within the Department of Public Health & A ; Epidemiology, University of Birmingham UK ; and Cunliffe and co-workers are all of the Department of Health, Determining the Future NHS, Long Term Planning for Hospital and Related Services, London.Reviews / Subjects:Many research workers ( Cormack, 2000 ; Burns and Grove, 2003 ) have insisted that debut should place the research purpose, the principle underpinning the statement of intent and importance of the survey. The general purpose of the articles was stated as to advance older people ‘s liberty and to heighten their ability to populate near independent lives which is important to nursing pattern. However, the writers in all the four articles failed to province the intent of their surveies explicitly in the debut. They have made mentions to assorted related plants established in the field standby ( Cormack, 2000 ) . The principle for any restraints such as the being and significance of a cognition spread, have been clearly stated. The subjects for article written by Wallin et Al ( 2007 ) is that the older grownup perceived rehabilitation as a agency of acquiring off normal life and basking themselves ; as sense of holiday and as a letdown because they had small opportunity to take part in the planning of the rehabilitation programme. The article by Cott ( 2004 ) findings was to show that client – centred rehabilitation embraces much more than end scene and determination devising between single clients and the professionals. The article by Cunlifte et Al, ( ( 2004 ) was to measure an early discharge and rehabilitation service for the older people. The reappraisal was presented as an built-in portion of the debut ( Denscombe, 2003 ) . Reviewing literature is to derive wide background apprehension of the capable affair to back up the research purpose and how the current survey was informed and built from old work ( Cormack, 2000 and Moore, 2006 ) . There is a superb indicant within the articles and the mention list a batch of primary and secondary beginnings of background reading have been done ( Berry, 2004 and Kumar, 2005 ) . The writers have built on the bing cognition by associating it to both recent and old publications on the topic in their literature reappraisal ( 1994-2006 ) ( Cutcliffe and Ward, 2003 ) . They were able to contrast the old plants on effects of institutionalisation and rehabilitation to older people. They have been influenced by past plants in the rehabilitation of the older people as physical recovery orientated instead than societal engagement, as it was the position and thought of some older people but non many surveies had been explored into the older people ‘s experiences and perceptual experience. They have been able to make more extended research on the range of the survey.Methodology:This is defined as the theory and analysis of how the survey should continue. It regulations the pick of method, the techniques or process used to garner and analyze informations ( Parahoo, 2006 ) .This involves roll uping informations of different signifiers from the same topics ( Porter, 2000 ) . Triangulation of different informations beginnings can besides help proof ( Parahoo, 2006 ) . By utilizing two different methods of research, the research workers may derive a different position of the subject under probe and the consequences from any one method can be confirmed, ( Couchman and Dawson, 1995 ) . Research workers need to be cognizant that utilizing both qualitative and quantitative attacks in the same survey will non needfully supply the whole image, findings may be contradictory. This can heighten apprehension of research methodological analysis and the phenomenon being surveies ( Parahoo, 2006 ) . Within the survey a qualitative method of research will let a focal point upon the position of the clients, ( Couchman and Dawson, 1996 ) . This will let their positions to be valued. Emphasis can so be placed upon significances, descriptions and experiences of the clients, ( Coolican, 1994 ) Qualitative research allows us to understand human behavior, by happening out the readings of events through the eyes of the participants instead than trusting on mensurating concrete facts. To cognize the significance of rehabilitation as per aged people, one should analyze it from the position of the persons ; hence qualitative attacks can be described as holistic instead than reductionist. Qualitative research chiefly concentrates on written words, or address, and aims to understand the motives and readings of people instead than explicating why something happens. It may be exercised where the research worker seeks a deeper truth, taking to do sense of or construe phenomena in footings of peo ple ‘s belief, attitudes, experiences, behavior and interactions which generate non- numerical informations ( Denzin, 2005 ) . A common attack in the qualitative research is phenomenological attack which focuses on depicting how the single experiences this development, ( Patton, 2002 ) . This appears to be appropriate for this survey as the purpose and aim of the survey was to obtain a deeper apprehension of older peoples ‘ significances, which could non hold been adequately be addressed as quantitative attack. In any instance, a little degree quantitative informations ( descriptive statistics ) was incorporated, in all the articles to back up the description the research workers were trying to explicate. A unfavorable judgment of utilizing the qualitative attack is that it is anecdotal, unscientific and produces findings that are non general ( Punch, 2000 ) .Sampling:Sampling is the procedure of choosing people or units from a population of involvement, so that by analy zing the sample, the research workers may reasonably generalize their consequences back to the population from which they were chosen. The research workers in this instance used a purposive method in enrolling clients which is a judgemental sample of persons chosen by certain pre-determined standards relevant to the research inquiry ( Robson, 2002 ) . This method is chiefly used when the research workers is seeking to lend to the apprehension of phenomena but non to generalizing the findings to the mark population and is hard to measure the preciseness of the research worker ‘s opinion, ( Parahoo, 2006 ) . This appears to be appropriate in this research since it has the possible to supply rich informations ( Morse, 1994 ) . Patton ( 1990 ) suggested that no guidelines exist for sample size in qualitative surveies, but the sample size was purposively recruited from the indiscriminately selected sample from the chief survey, which is really good for the survey, more informations will be collected before impregnation is reached and have three research workers to work on them ( Holloway and Wheeler, 2002 ) , the age scope ( between 65 and 93 ) , the figure of scenes ( 7 ) , the periods and the exclusion standards strategy, nevertheless they failed to warrant the standards ( Cormack, 2000 ) .Data Collection:The authors specified how the information for the survey was collected. Two semi- structured interviews were conducted for 15 to 45 proceedingss and 45 to about 2 hours in the scene and in the participants several places and audio tape were used. The acceptance of qualitative methodological analysis and the usage of semi-structured interviews allowed manner for cross checking so that incompatibilities in callback could be identified and probed ( Cutsliffe and Ward, 2003 ) . The semi-structured interviews are believable in this survey in the sense that the sources can be verbally be assisted to understand the inquiries and the interviewers can inquire any i nquiry for elucidations, investigation further for responses every bit good as being able to detect organic structure linguistic communication, which can non be gained when utilizing questionnaires ( Munhall, 2001 ) . However, by interview, it can non be guaranteed that interviewees are being honest as they may non understand the inquiry or they may falsify the truth or withhold critical information and face to confront interviews may compromise the namelessness of the interviewees ( Parahoo, 2006 ) . However, one to one interviews, usage of tape recording can be utile to look into the original diction of any statement one might desire to cite, or maintain to do certain that what one ‘s write is accurate, it helps if one is trying any signifier of content analysis and demand to listen several times in order to place classs and allows one to code, summarise and to observe a peculiar remark ( Bell, 2005 ) . Audio taped information enhances dependability and writer triangulation adopted for cogency ( Burns and Grove, 2005 ) . The notes taken and short diary kept during the interviews guarantee trustiness and supply accurate representations of the participants ‘ experiences such as gestures and facial look. The brooding journal maintained throughout the survey shows clearly their ideas, engagement in the informations and reading of the informations. The six months interval between the interviews may assist to retest any theories developed in the composing up phase ( Cormack, 2000 ) . The writers nevertheless failed to advert any interruptions during the interview, since it is ethically appropriate for this client group ( Holloway and Wheeler, 2002 ) . They every bit failed to enter any restrictions such as reflexiveness that might hold influenced the procedure of the informations aggregation. Reflexivity is a uninterrupted procedure of contemplation by research workers of how their ain values, behavior, perceptual experiences or presence and those of the respondents may impact the information they collect ( Parahoo, 2006 ) . In the absence of statistical trials for cogency and dependability, this kind of reflexiveness is important to qualitative survey if it is to be persuasive ( Cormack, 2000 ) . The writers gave a brief description of the guiding subjects and some of the specific inquiries that were asked, provided the informa tion for the survey, but they failed to advert any inquiries that appeared uncomfortable to reply by the interviewees and they failed to bespeak their single functions within the survey.Ethical motives:Though, qualitative research is non physically invasive but it may ensue in an invasion of the head of the participants ( Bryman, 2005 ) . The articles were approved by their several ethical commissions. The written text of the interview informations amongst themselves ensures the namelessness of the clients ( Sullivan, 1998 ) . An informed consent is an on-going procedure in a qualitative survey but the authors of the articles failed to recognize this and kept silent of the older people who were or may non be competent to subscribe their ain signifiers ( Denscombe, 2003 ) . There was no record of obtaining permission before entering the interviews and what would be done to the informations after the written text.Datas Analysis:The procedure of analyzing informations in qualitative re search is ongoing, get downing during informations aggregation, with the research worker processing informations and doing opinions about facets of it, as it is received ( Parahoo, 2006 ) . Once all informations from the taped interviews has been collected, it will be transcribed, which will take about three times every bit long as each interview ( Couchman and Dawson, 1995 ) . The consequences were represented in a clear, elaborate description and in simple linguistic communication which makes the text easy to read and understood ( Ogier, 1999 ) . A consideration associating to rigour is credibleness ; the writers returned the interview reading back to the participants so that they can look into for any disagreement ( May and Hope, 2000 ) . It appears that the writers adapted equal strict techniques in the analysis. The usage of writer triangulations enhances cogency, and direct citations, when showing deepness and acknowledgment of single experiences. The identified subjects and a pplicable citations by and large provide a clear image of how the subjects emerged from the informations. They explained the cryptography ( Polit et al, 2001 ) , which makes it easier for the readers to measure the cogency of the emergent subjects based on the quality and measure of citations provided. Bringing citations from clients, therefore let the reader to carry on his ain significance of the look to the participants. It will besides assist the readers of the research, who may non understand clearly the purpose, nonsubjective and procedure of the research, and to judge its truth and pertinence consequently. In any instance, they fail to advert the model used in the cryptography and the analysis. The cardinal findings that came out from the saturated subjects shows that the clients have different and changing demands and outlooks of rehabilitation programme, which were categorized into three. They were – the sense of assurance with mundane life ; which they perceived as facilitating mundane life at place ; as sense of holiday ; and it was besides seen as a agency of acquiring off from normal life and basking themselves and eventually as a sense of letdown and defeat with the limited chances to take part in the planning of their rehabilitation programme. There was no proper integrating of the participants since they were grouped on conformity to their geographical beginnings during most of the periods. And they failed to advert any consequence of the abrasion on the consequence.Discussion:The authors have addressed the research as set out at the beginning of the research about their treatments, findings and the important of the survey have been a sense of assurance with mundane life ; ‘ a sense of holiday ‘ and a sense of letdown. The result of the survey was besides compared with that of the old plants of the literature such as Hinck, 2004 ; Cattan et Al, 2005 in the literature reappraisal. They acknowledged a mistake in their sampling and have suggested a comparative survey of sub-geriatric clients in order to light the contract ( Cormack, 2000 ) . A recommendation was made about advancing a patient – centred and partnership in attention, which entails a holistic attack. However, the suggestion made by the writers about professional communicating accomplishments can non be justified within the context of their research, since there were no professionals incorporated in their survey. However, safeguard has to be taken, if these findings are to be replicated across the brotherhood, since significances to a phenomenon alterations with permeating cultural and sub-cultures ( Hammersley, 1992 ) and it is improbable that older people in Finland have the same civilization to older people in United Kingdom ( UK ) . Transfering the findings to UK will hold different impact due to different wellness attention system such as the function of permeant and perceived institutionalized engagement, different professional regulative organic structures and discrepancy in the instruction and preparation, and the function of mental wellness professionals. The overpowering feeling from the positions reported in UK is that rehabilitation scenes are driven by an property of control and containment instead than authorization ( Parry-Crooke, 1999 ) . In the article by Cunliffe et Al ( 2004 ) it was shown that rehabilitation improves the degrees of activity and the psychological wellbeing of the aged. That individual – centred manner of attention helps to better the result of older people ‘s deficiency of assurance, and may take to better wellness results. All the articles have demonstrated that there is demand for rehabilitation for these client group.Decision:It can be seen that the purpose of this literature reappraisal has been achieved in researching the significance of rehabilitation to the aged people. The survey reveals that different people attach different significance to rehabilitation. It has brought an interesting cognition into pattern ; an consciousness of the participants holding changing significances to it concept. Promotion of older peoples ‘ liberty in the community entails a holistic attack which should hold included sociological issues and the scenes should hold been in the clients ‘ places. An empowerment attack appears to be preferred to medical attack adopted. Though, the overall findings has been biased toward reasonably fit older people, who were get bying at place with a degree of support, the age differences besides might convey approximately different wellness issues, such as mental wellness. Furthermore, clients were non given pick to organize groups during Sessionss, and the groupings were biased towards geographical beginnings. However, the recommendations made – patient – centred and partnership in attention are of great importance. In the NMC ‘s codification of professional behavior ( 2004 ) , great accent is placed on the duty nurses have in guaranting that clients possess the best up – to – day of the month grounds based cognition and accomplishments to present attention possible. Therefore, improved cognition through instruction and research will be the footing of grounds based practiced for alteration and betterment.MentionBell, J. ( 2005 ) Making Your Research Undertaking. A usher for first clip Researchers in Education and Social Sciences. Buckingham: Open University Press Bryman, A. ( 2005 ) Social Research Methods Oxford: Oxford University Press Nathan birnbaums, N. and Grove, S. ( 2006 ) Understanding Nursing Research. Philadelphia: Saunders Nathan birnbaums, N. and Grove, S. ( 2005 ) The Practice of Nursing Research Conduct Critique and Utilization. Philadelphia: Saunders Coolican, H. ( 1994 ) Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology. Great Britain: Hodder and Stoughton Cormack, D. ( 2002 ) The Research Process in Nursing. 4th erectile dysfunction. Oxford: Blackwell Science Couchman, W. and Dawson, J. ( 1995 ) Nursing and Health Care Research. London: Bailliere Tindall Denscombe, M. ( 2003 ) The Research Guide for little – graduated table Research Project. Buckingham: Open University Forster, A. ; Lambly, R. And Handy, J. ( 2009 ) Rehabilitation for Older Peoples in Long Care: Cochrane database of Systematic Review. Hek, G. , Judd, M. and Moule, P. ( 2002 ) Making Sense of Research: An debut for Nurses. 2nd erectile dysfunction. London: Cassell Holloway, I. and Wheeler, S. ( 2002 ) Qualitative Research for Nurses. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Oxford: Blackwell Science Kumar, R. ( 2005 ) Research Methodology. A Measure by Step Guide for Beginners. London: Sage Publication Munhall, P. ( 2001 ) Institutional reappraisal of qualitative research proposals: a undertaking of no little effects. In Morse, J.M. Qualitative Nursing Research: A modern-day Dialoque. London: Sage Publication Ogier, M. ( 1999 ) Reading Research. London: Bailliere Tindall Parahoo, K. ( 2006 ) Nursing Research Principles, Process and Issues. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Hampshire, England: Palgrave Macmillian Parry-Crooke, ( 1999 ) Consultation with Women in High Secure Settings: Preliminary Findingss. London: University of North London. Patton, M ( 2002 ) Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. Newburgh Park: Sage Publication Patton, M. ( 1990 ) Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. Newburge Park: Sage publication Polit, D. and Hungler, B. ( 2001 ) Nursing Research Principles and Methods. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Porter, S. ( 2000 ) Qualitative Research. I Cormack, D. The Research Process in Nursing: London: Blackwell Science Punch, K. ( 2000 ) Developing Effective Research Proposals. London: Sage Publication Robson, C. ( 2002 ) Real World Research. A resource for Social Scientists and Practitioners. Oxford: Blackwell

Free Essays on America’s Interest In The Second World War

For most of America’s brief past, her foreign policy has been dominated by an isolationist attitude. Her leaders and citizens have always been reluctant to involve the country in the affairs of other nations, outside of trading. There are several exceptions to this generalization, but until World War II, America has tried desperately to keep to herself. These exceptions to America’s isolationist policy were made mostly on the basis of morality. The Second World War was a turning point for America. Instead of this war being another exception to her habits, it opened the eyes of many the United States’ leaders. America needed to lead the world away from the â€Å"might makes right† balance-of-power politics and into the morals based ideology of American democracy. There were two main reasons that it was in the United States’ national interest to participate in the Second World War. First, American values and beliefs, in the case of Hitler and fascism, were contrary to those of traditional isolationism. America has always justified past international intervention with moral principle (McCormick 26). There are several examples to back up this statement. The United States entered the War of 1812 after she perceived Britain of continuously violating the international law of freedom of the seas for neutral states. The tyrannical colonial rule of the Spanish over Cuba and the Philippines and the sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine predicated American declaration of the Spanish-American War. President Woodrow Wilson reluctantly lead America into World War I after German U boats attacked Atlantic merchant shipping and their audacious aggression symbolized by the Zimmerman Telegram sent to Mexico. Applying all these examples found in McC ormick’s text to the Second World War, how could the United States allow Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy to abuse, oppress, and slaughter all of these â€Å"political undesirables.† Second... Free Essays on America’s Interest In The Second World War Free Essays on America’s Interest In The Second World War For most of America’s brief past, her foreign policy has been dominated by an isolationist attitude. Her leaders and citizens have always been reluctant to involve the country in the affairs of other nations, outside of trading. There are several exceptions to this generalization, but until World War II, America has tried desperately to keep to herself. These exceptions to America’s isolationist policy were made mostly on the basis of morality. The Second World War was a turning point for America. Instead of this war being another exception to her habits, it opened the eyes of many the United States’ leaders. America needed to lead the world away from the â€Å"might makes right† balance-of-power politics and into the morals based ideology of American democracy. There were two main reasons that it was in the United States’ national interest to participate in the Second World War. First, American values and beliefs, in the case of Hitler and fascism, were contrary to those of traditional isolationism. America has always justified past international intervention with moral principle (McCormick 26). There are several examples to back up this statement. The United States entered the War of 1812 after she perceived Britain of continuously violating the international law of freedom of the seas for neutral states. The tyrannical colonial rule of the Spanish over Cuba and the Philippines and the sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine predicated American declaration of the Spanish-American War. President Woodrow Wilson reluctantly lead America into World War I after German U boats attacked Atlantic merchant shipping and their audacious aggression symbolized by the Zimmerman Telegram sent to Mexico. Applying all these examples found in Mc Cormick’s text to the Second World War, how could the United States allow Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy to abuse, oppress, and slaughter all of these â€Å"political undesirables.† Second...

Brain Training Exercises. Dont Let Your Brain Dry Out in Summer

Brain Training Exercises. Dont Let Your Brain Dry Out in Summer After another grueling academic year of school work, papers, standardized tests and final exams, its tempting to take the summer off to give your brain a little R R. While some rest is important and even healthy, spending the summer binging on TV or video games is not going to do you any favors as fall comes. If youre not involved in any academic activities over the summer but dont want your brain to dry out before September, try some of these brain training exercises to keep your mind sharp. Learn to Strategize by Playing Chess Chess is more than a game, its a strategic endeavor. It requires patience, calculation and planning in order to be successful. You could join a chess club, hire a chess tutor, download an app and play against the computer or against other players online. As you develop your chess skills, youll learn strategic maneuvers, how to spot your opponents weaknesses and patterns as well as your own. Its an excellent way to keep the brain cells active and charged. Create New Brain Pathways with New Skills Learn a new skill brain activity isnt just sitting down and studying. There are many ways to develop your brain. An interactive way is to learn a new skill. Taking up a dance class or yoga or tai chi class, learning to play an instrument or learning a new language whatever you choose, learning any new skill is proven to strengthen brain activity and develop new brain pathways. The more diverse your brain pathways are, the easier it is for your brain to assimilate new information. In other words, the more new things you do, the smarter you become. Train Your Memory Memorization games are like lifting weights for athletes. They keep your brain muscles toned and strong. You could invent a number of memorization games to practice on your own. If your summer job is waiting tables, try memorizing your customers orders instead of writing them down. Try memorizing the phone numbers in your cell phone, or the birthdays of all your Facebook friends. You could memorize a poem or a speech or advanced multiplication tables. Increase Your Vocabulary Learn a new word each day – it will keep your brain fresh over the summer as well as scoring you some SAT points on exam day. Wordsmith.org has A.Word.A.Day program where they send you a new word every day via email. Solve Puzzles Sudoku is a simple and accessible brain teaser that asks you to solve puzzles and identify patterns based on numbers. You can start out easy and work your way up to â€Å"evil† on websudoku.com. Do Simple Math Problems Stop using a calculator – instead, every time you need to add something, write it down on paper or do the calculation in your head. There are lots of scenarios where you can practise calculating things yourself: When you go out for pizza with your friends, instead of using a calculator to divide the bill, use a piece of paper and make the calculation yourself. Calculate how much youre going to earn at your summer job. Calculate how much youll earn for the summer, for the month, the week, the day, the hour. Calculate the percentage youll need to improve in order to reach your target when taking your next SAT exam. Calculate your GPA. Learn to Concentrate Through Meditation Nowadays, everyone is meditating. The employees at Google have meditation sessions and theyre a pretty smart bunch. Meditation can help your concentration, provide aid with stress management and develop calm and positive thinking. Try this simple exercise: sit in a quiet space and set the timer on your cell phone for 10 minutes. Close your eyes and spend some time noticing if there is any tension in your body and consciously relax these areas. Gradually, begin to notice your thoughts. Without any judgments, just observe them as though you were seeing them from an objective distance. Try to release your mind from all thoughts. You may be able to achieve this for a while and then start having thoughts again. Each time you have thoughts, just observe and try to release them again. Continue releasing tension from the body and thoughts from the mind over the course of ten minutes. This simple meditation exercise is a great way to train yourself to control the direction of your thoughts, a useful skill when studying, writing or taking a test. Good luck and happy brain training!

Pilots Flying Fatigued Alertness in the Skies Essay

Pilots Flying Fatigued Alertness in the Skies - Essay Example A National Transportation Safety Board safety study of U.S. major air carrier accidents attributed to flight crew error from 1978 to 1990 found that in half of the flights crews had been awake for more than 12 hours prior to their accidents. "Crews comprising captains and first officers whose time since awake was above the median for their crew position made more errors overall and significantly more procedural and tactical decision errors" (Strauss, 2007). Fatigue has significant physiological and performance consequences. It is essential that all flight crewmembers remain aware and play their role in flight safety by their observations and actions. As fatigue is a safety concern, this discussion will describe the symptoms of fatigue along with its physical and psychological effects specific to airline pilots. Looking into the factor of pilot fatigue and how it affects the aviation industry in the short and long runs is the concern of this study. The paper will research on the extent of fatigued pilots flying in the skies and the hazards it poses to consumers and the aviation industry in general. Factors that lead to this problem and possible solutions will also be discussed. The study will contribute to a better understanding of the risks the aviation industry is facing when pilots fly their airplanes under fatigued conditions. It is important that consumers have closer insights on the limitations of the pilot. Airline owners need to get a better view of pilots as a special human resource with tremendous roles and responsibility. Knowing what causes fatigue will effectively give solutions to problems that can directly be attributed to pilots flying planes under stressed conditions. Pilot fatigue is a national interest in so much as it is the concern of airline clients and owners. Safety in the skies is a multi million dollar industry because besides human lives, transport goods using airplanes has developed ways of business and lifestyles. Disruption does not only cause delays but also loss of business. The study will therefore contribute to the growing research that is urgently needed by regulating bodies. "The National Transportation Safety Board has cited fatigue as a factor in more than 20 aviation accidents. As a result, addressing the issue of pilot fatigue has been on the NTSB's Most Wanted Safety Improvement List for almost a decade.In order to address the issue of pilot fatigue, the FAA does have regulations in place that limit pilots' hours of service. In addition, since December 1995, the FAA has been working on updating and improving the Federal regulations limiting pilots' flight time. The FAA wants to incorporate the latest research on fatigue into regulations, as well as simplify existing rules, making it easier to respond to changing business practices in the aviation industry." (House of Representatives Report, 1999) Studies help private entities and public officials appreciate the effectiveness of existing laws and regulations. However, studies help improve existing regulations that can prevent accidents from happening. In a fast paced environment where people and machines continuously attain twenty-four hour by seven-day operations, studies like this will share valuable information. Pilots Flying Fatigued Documented accidents have shown that pilot error can be attributed to